McNeill AR. Tendon elasticity and muscle function. CBPA. 2002;133(4):1001–11.
Google Scholar
Johansson C. Injuries in elite orienteers. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14(5):410–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Jonge S, van den Berg C, de Vos RJ, van der Heide HJ, Weir A, Verhaar JA, et al. Incidence of midportion Achilles tendinopathy in the general population. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(13):1026–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Abate M, Silbernagel KG, Siljeholm C, Di Iorio A, De Amicis D, Salini V, et al. Pathogenesis of tendinopathies: inflammation or degeneration? Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(3):235.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cook JL, Rio E, Purdam CR, Docking SI. Revisiting the continuum model of tendon pathology: what is its merit in clinical practice and research? Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(19):1187.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mahieu NN, Witvrouw E, Stevens V, Van Tiggelen D, Roget P. Intrinsic risk factors for the development of Achilles tendon overuse injury: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(2):226–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
O'Neill S, Watson P, Barry S. Endurance deficits in patients with achilles tendinopathy versus healthy controls. J Physio. 2015;(1):eS1142-eS3.
McCrory JL, Martin DF, Lowery RB, Cannon DW, Curl WW, Read HM Jr, et al. Etiologic factors associated with Achilles tendinitis in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(10):1374–81.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haglund-Akerlind Y, Eriksson E. Range of motion, muscle torque and training habits in runners with and without Achilles tendon problems. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1993;1(3-4):195–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chimenti RL, Flemister AS, Tome J, McMahon JM, Houck JR. Patients with insertional Achilles tendinopathy exhibit differences in ankle biomechanics as opposed to strength and range of motion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46(12):1051–60.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang HK, Lin KH, Su SC, Shih TTF, Huang YC. Effects of tendon viscoelasticity in Achilles tendinosis on explosive performance and clinical severity in athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;22(6):e147–e55.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Debenham J, Travers M, Gibson W, Campbell A, Allison G. Achilles tendinopathy alters stretch shortening cycle behaviour during a sub-maximal hopping task. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(1):69–73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chang YJ, Kulig K. The neuromechanical adaptations to Achilles tendinosis. J Physiol. 2015;593(15):3373–87.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jaeho Y. Comparison of lower limb muscle activity during eccentric and concentric exercises in runners with Achilles tendinopathy. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(9):1351–3.
Article
Google Scholar
Masood T, Kalliokoski K, Bojsen-Moller J, Magnusson SP, Finni T. Plantarflexor muscle function in healthy and chronic Achilles tendon pain subjects evaluated by the use of EMG and PET imaging. Clin Biomech. 2014;29(5):564–70.
Article
Google Scholar
Baur H, Muller S, Hirschmuller A, Cassel M, Weber J, Mayer F. Comparison in lower leg neuromuscular activity between runners with unilateral mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy and healthy individuals. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2011;21(3):499–505.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reid D, McNair P, Johnson S, Potts G, Witvrouw E, Mahieu N. Electromyographic analysis of an eccentric calf muscle exercise in persons with and without Achilles tendinopathy. Phys Ther Sport. 2012;13(3):150–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Azevedo LB, Lambert MI, Vaughan CL, O'Connor CM, Schwellnus MP. Biomechanical variables associated with Achilles tendinopathy in runners. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(4):288–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McAuliffe S, Tabuena A, McCreesh K, O'Keeffe M, Hurley J, Comyns T, et al. Altered strength profile in Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Athl Train. 2019;54(8):889–900.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Docking SI, Rosengarten SD, Daffy J, Cook J. Structural integrity is decreased in both Achilles tendons in people with unilateral Achilles tendinopathy. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(4):383–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martin RL, Chimenti R, Cuddeford T, Houck J, Matheson JW, McDonough CM, et al. Achilles pain, stiffness, and muscle power deficits: midportion Achilles tendinopathy revision 2018. JOSPT. 2018;48(5):A1–A38.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Silbernagel KG, Crossley KM. A Proposed return to sport program for patients with midportion Achilles tendinopathy: rationale and implementation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(11):876–86.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sancho I, Morrissey D, Willy RW, Barton C, Malliaras P. Education and exercise supplemented by a pain-guided hopping intervention for male recreational runners with midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a single cohort feasibility study. Phys Ther Sport. 2019;40:107–16.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yu J, Park D, Lee G. Effect of eccentric strengthening on pain, muscle strength, endurance, and functional fitness factors in male patients with achilles tendinopathy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;92(1):68–76.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Silbernagel KG, Thomee R, Thomee P, Karlsson J. Eccentric overload training for patients with chronic Achilles tendon pain--a randomised controlled study with reliability testing of the evaluation methods. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2001;11(4):197.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alfredson H, Pietila T, Jonsson P, Lorentzon R. Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(3):360–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche P, Ioannidis J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bird SP, Tarpenning KM, Marino FE. Designing resistance training programmes to enhance muscular fitness. Sports Med. 2005;35(10):841–51.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carcia CR, Martin RL, Houck J, Wukich DK. Achilles pain, stiffness, and muscle power deficits: achilles tendinitis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40(9):A1–26.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moola SMZ, Tufanaru C, Aromataris E, Sears K, Sfetcu R, Currie M, et al. Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis: JBI. 2020; Available from: https://synthesismanual.jbi.global.
Supporting document for the Joanna briggs institute levels of evidence and grades of recommendation [Internet]. 2014. Available from: http://joannabriggs.org/assets/docs/approach/Levels-of-Evidence-SupportingDocuments-v2.pdf.
Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.1: Cochrane; 2020. Available from: www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Horstmann T, Jud HM, FrÖHlich V, MÜNdermann A, Grau S. Whole-body vibration versus eccentric training or a wait-and-see approach for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized clinical trial. JOSPT. 2013;43(11):794–803.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–60.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the cochrane collaboration back review group. Spine. 2003;28(12):1290–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
O'Neill S, Barry S, Watson P. Plantarflexor strength and endurance deficits associated with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: The role of soleus. Phys Ther Sport. 2019;37:69–76.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang HK, Lin KH, Wu YK, Chi SC, Shih TTF, Huang YC. Evoked spinal reflexes and force development in elite athletes with middle-portion Achilles tendinopathy. JOSPT. 2011;41(10):785–94.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Child S, Bryant AL, Clark RA, Crossley KM. Mechanical properties of the achilles tendon aponeurosis are altered in athletes with achilles tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(9):1885–93.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Silbernagel KG, Thomee R, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. Full symptomatic recovery does not ensure full recovery of muscle-tendon function in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(4):276–80 discussion 80.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ohberg L, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Good clinical results but persisting side-to-side differences in calf muscle strength after surgical treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis: a 5-year follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2001;11(4):207–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alfredson H, Nordstrom P, Pietila T, Lorentzon R. Bone mass in the calcaneus after heavy loaded eccentric calf-muscle training in recreational athletes with chronic achilles tendinosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1999;64(5):450–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alfredson H, Nordstrom P, Lorentzon R. Prolonged progressive calcaneal bone loss despite early weightbearing rehabilitation in patients surgically treated for Achilles tendinosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1998;62(2):166–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alfredson H, Pietila T, Ohberg L, Lorentzon R. Achilles tendinosis and calf muscle strength: the effect of short-term immobilization after surgical treatment. / Tendinites du talon d'Achille et force musculaire du mollet. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(2):166–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alfredson H, Pietila T, Lorentzon R. Chronic Achilles tendinitis and calf muscle strength. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(6):829–33.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Masood T, Kalliokoski K, Magnusson S, Bojsen-Moller J, Finni T. Effects of 12-wk eccentric calf muscle training on muscle-tendon glucose uptake and SEMG in patients with chronic Achilles tendon pain. J Applied Physiol. 2014;117(1):105–11.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Rabusin CL, Menz HB, McClelland JA, Evans AM, Malliaras P, Docking SI, et al. Efficacy of heel lifts versus calf muscle eccentric exercise for mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (HEALTHY): a randomised trial. Br J Sports Med. 2020:bjsports-2019-101776.
Boesen A, Hansen R, Boesen M, Malliaras P, Langberg H. Effect of high-volume injection, platelet-rich plasma, and sham treatment in chronic midportion Achilles rendinopathy: a randomized double-blinded prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(9):2034–43.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tumilty S, Munn J, Abbott JH, McDonough S, Hurley DA, Baxter GD. Laser therapy in the treatment of achilles tendinopathy: a pilot study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2008;26(1):25–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Silbernagel KG, Thomeé R, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. Continued sports activity, using a pain-monitoring model, during rehabilitation in patients with achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled study. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(6):897–906.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mayer F, Hirschmuller A, Muller S, Schuberth M, Baur H. Effects of short-term treatment strategies over 4 weeks in Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(7):e6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Neeter C, Thomeé R, Silbernagel KG, Thomeé P, Karlsson J. Iontophoresis with or without dexamethazone in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon pain. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2003;13(6):376–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mc Auliffe S, Synott A, Casey H, Mc Creesh K, Purtill H, O'Sullivan K. Beyond the tendon: experiences and perceptions of people with persistent Achilles tendinopathy. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017;29:108–14.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hodges PW, Smeets RJ. Interaction between pain, movement, and physical activity: short-term benefits, long-term consequences, and targets for treatment. Clin J Pain. 2015;31(2):97–107.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Heales LJ, Lim ECW, Hodges PW, Vicenzino B. Sensory and motor deficits exist on the non-injured side of patients with unilateral tendon pain and disability—implications for central nervous system involvement: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(19):1400.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alfredson H, Lorentzon R. Chronic Achilles tendinosis. Sports Med. 2000;29(2):135–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Galloway MT, Jokl P, Dayton OW. Achilles tendon overuse injuries. Clin Sports Med. 1992;11(4):771–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Becker J, James S, Wayner R, Osternig L, Chou LS. Biomechanical factors associated with Achilles tendinopathy and medial tibial stress syndrome in runners. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(11):2614–21.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Munteanu SE, Barton CJ. Lower limb biomechanics during running in individuals with achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2011;4:15.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Silbernagel KG. Does one size fit all when It comes to exercise treatment for Achilles tendinopathy? JOSPT. 2014;44(2):42–4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murphy M, Travers M, Gibson W, Chivers P, Debenham J, Docking S, et al. Rate of improvement of pain and function in mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy with loading protocols: a systematic review and longitudinal meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2018.
Mellor R, Grimaldi A, Wajswelner H, Hodges P, Abbott JH, Bennell K, et al. Exercise and load modification versus corticosteroid injection versus 'wait and see' for persistent gluteus medius/minimus tendinopathy (the LEAP trial): a protocol for a randomised clinical trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:196.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
K. S. Muscle strength. London, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Ltd.