Table 2 CAR as a response to prolonged exercise intervention (n = 13)
From: Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review
Citation | Population | Variable | Exercise intervention | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Athletes | ||||
 Filaire et al. [45] | 12 adolescent female tennis players; 14.8 ±0.6 years | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR, AUCg | 16 weeks, tennis training program | ↓CAR, ↓AUCg |
 Gouarne et al. [42] | 9 untrained males (25.1 ± 1.4 years), 10 male triathletes (26.5 ± 2.7 years) | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR% | 10 months, triathlon training | ↑CAR% in OT athlete |
 Gunnarsson et al. [41] | 12 crew members of Volvo Ocean Race; 32 years | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.3 h, + 0.6 h; CAR | 9 months, round-the-world sailing competition | ↓CAR |
 Minetto et al. [40] | 15 male soccer players; 24.4 ± 3.9 years | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.25 h, + 0.5 h; AUCg, slope | 7 days intensified soccer training (60% greater than preceeding months) | ↑0 h, AUCg, |
 Park et al. [43] | 25 male trekkers (14–59 years), 21 male Sherpas (16–39 years) | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h, + 1 h; CAR, AUCg | Trek to 4800 m | ↑CAR, AUCg@4800 m in trekkers |
Military | ||||
 Clow et al. [49] | 13 male, 7 female military recruits; 17–24 years | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.25 h, + 0.5 h; CAR, AUCg, MnInc | 11 weeks, basic military training | ↓AUCg at week 3 and 6 |
Non-athletes—yoga | ||||
 Curtis et al. [50] | 22 female; fibromyalgia; 47.4 ± 13.7 years | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR | Hatha yoga; 2 × 75-min classes, 8 weeks | No change |
 Daubenmier et al. [51] | Female; BMI 25–40 kg m−2, < 300 lbs | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR, slope | 9 × 2.5 h + one 7-h guided meditation (inc. yoga) | No change |
Non-athletes—aerobic exercise | ||||
 Calogiuri et al. [56] | 7 male, 7 female sedentary-mod. Active; 49 ± 8 years | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.25 h, + 0.5 h; AUCi, AUCg | 25 min cycling, 20 min resistance; mod-high intensity (RPE), indoor and nature groups | AUCi: indoor > nature (p = 0.04) |
 Foley et al. [52] | 23 subjects, experiencing major depressive episode or taking antidepressant | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR | 12 weeks, 30–40 min mod. Aerobic exercise | ↓CAR @ 6 and 12 weeks |
 Foss et al. [53] | 15 subjects; 45.2 ± 9.6 years; BMI > 35 | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR | 22 weeks, 3 days/week, group-based mod.-vig. exercise | No change |
 Menke et al. [55] | 12 males w/burnout; 12 male controls; 45.4 ± 6.2 years | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.17 h, + 0.34 h, + 0.5 h; AUCg | 12 weeks, 2–3 days/week, aerobic exercise@60–75%HRmax | No change |
 Tortosa-Martinez et al. [54] | 21 persons diagnosed with amnestic mild cognitive impairment; 75.5 ± 7.23 years | Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR | Group exercise; 3 months, 3 days/wk., 60 min aerobic exercise@60–75%HRmax | No change |