Table 4 Variables extracted from retrieved studies

Outcome measures

Precise mean and SD provided for injury risk factors between males and females

Biomechanics:

 Knee abduction, rotation, flexion moments / impulse (knee joint loads) [70,71,72,73,74]

 Proximal anterior tibial shear [75]

Technical, kinetic, or kinematic determinants of surrogates of injury risk (knee joint loads) [36, 70, 76] at initial contact (IC) (first instance of ground contact in COD),range of motion (ROM; defined as point of IC to maximum knee flexion) and peak stance (peak value obtained during the full cutting cycle 0–100%) related to quadriceps, ligament, trunk, and leg dominance, such as:

 Vertical / posterior GRF/ impulse

 Initial or peak

 Lateral trunk flexion/rotation angle

 Hip internal rotation angle

 Knee valgus / internal rotation angle

 Knee flexion / hip flexion

 Foot progression angles

 Rearfoot/ forefoot strike

 Coordination changes

 Asymmetries

Other data extraction

The following data were extracted and recorded in a spreadsheet:

(1) Author names, publication year and country of origin

(2) Sample size and participant characteristics including sport(s), playing level/status, training history, strength history/status/profile, reproductive status(females), hormonal contraception usage

(3) Angle of COD task

(4) Anticipatory nature of COD task (planned/unplanned)

(5) If unanticipated, method and timing of stimulus presentation

(6) Approach velocity prior to COD

(7) How approach velocity was controlled for / calculated

(8) Rest period between trials (if stated)

(9) How risk factor (ACL surrogate) was assessed (methods)

(10) Reliability and familiarisation stated for outcome measures / tasks

(11) Outcome measures (mean, SD,)

(12) Any other empirical data available for a variable that could mitigate for any sex differences in surrogate injury risk identified (e.g. strength or experience / playing time?)

(13) For female populations, information relating to:

  a. Reproductive status

  b. Menstrual cycle phase

  c. Hormonal Contraception use