Table 1 Study characteristics
Study | n | Age (years) | Sex | Trained State | Stretching Duration (s) | Stretched Muscle | Stretching Intensity | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aguilar et al., 2012[93] | 30 | 23 | Mi | RA | 600 | Hamstrings | Below Maximum | Active and passive Hamstrings and hip flexors flexibility |
Azevedo et al., 2011[94] | 40 | 22.6 | M | N/M | 32 | Hamstrings | Below Maximum | Hamstrings flexibility |
Bacurau et al., 2009[20] | 14 | 23.1 | F | RA | 540 & 1200 | Quadriceps and Hamstrings | NR | Ballistic and static SR and hip flexors flexibility |
Barbosa et al., 2018[95] | 30 | 22.17 | M | RA | 180 | Hamstrings | Below Maximum | Hams flexibility |
César et al., 2016[96] | 15 | 31.33 | M | RA | 90 | Forearm Muscles | Maximum | Wrist hyperextension ROM |
Chatzopoulos et al., 2019 [97] | 24 | 15.08 | F | RA | 12 & 24 & 36 | Hamstrings | NR | Active Hamstrings flexibility |
Chen et al., 2013[98] | 18 | 23.9 | M | RA | 210 | Hamstrings | Below Maximum | Passive SLR |
Lo et al., 2021[99] | 20 | 20.7 | Mi | E/P | 150 | Shoulder | Below Maximum | Shoulder internal rotation ROM |
Coskunsu et al., 2021[100] | 64 | 20.95 | Mi | RA | 120 | Hamstrings | Maximum | Active SLR |
Depino et al., 2000[101] | 30 | 19.8 | M | RA | 120 | Hamstrings | NR | Active Hamstrings flexibility |
Espejo-Antunez et al., 2016[102] | 42 | 21.5 | Mi | RA | 60 | Hamstrings | Below Maximum | Passive Hamstrings flexibility |
Hatano et al. 2022[91] | 32 | 21.2 | Mi | RA | 300 | Hamstrings | Below Maximum& Maximum | Passive Hamstrings flexibility |
Hammer et al., 2017[103] | 80 | 24.5 | Mi | RA | 120 | Hip abductors | Below Maximum & Maximum | Hip abduction ROM |
Hanney et al., 2017[104] | 68 | 23.6 | Mi | N/M | 60 | Trapezius | Maximum | Cervical ROM |
Ikeda and Ryushi., 2019[105] | 10 | 22 | M | RA | 900 | Triceps surae | Below Maximum | Passive Dorsiflexion ROM |
Kaneda et al., 2020[106] | 17 | 23.2 | M | S/U | 120 | Hamstrings | NR | Passive SLR ROM & Hamstrings flexibility |
Konrad et al., 2017[45] | 122 | 23.55 | Mi | S/U | 120 | Triceps surae | Maximum | Dorsiflexion ROM |
Konrad et al., 2019[107] | 14 | 26.2 | Mi | N/M | 300 | Triceps surae and Plantar Flexors | Maximum | Dorsiflexion ROM |
Kuruma et al. 2013[108] | 20 | 21 | Mi | N/M | NR | Quadriceps | NR | Active and static Quadriceps flexibility |
Lim et al., 2014[109] | 32 | 22.5 | M | S/U | 28 & 30 | Hamstrings | NR | Active Hamstrings flexibility |
Maeda et al., 2016[110] | 40 | 23.9 | Mi | RA | 120 | Triceps surae | NR | Passive Dorsiflexion ROM |
Maeda et al., 2017[111] | 20 | 22.8 | M | RA | 120 | Triceps surae | Maximum | Passive maximum DF ROM |
Maeda et al., 2021[112] | 30 | 23.5 | M | N/M | 300 | Plantar Flexors | Maximum | Dorsiflexion ROM |
Melo et al., 2021[113] | 41 | 24.25 | M | N/M | 90 | Hamstrings | Below Maximum & Maximum | Passive and active Hamstrings flexibility |
Michaeli et al., 2017[114] | 40 | 22.1 | Mi | N/M | 240 | Hamstrings | NR | Static and dynamic SLR |
Nishikawa et al., 2015[115] | 108 | 20.3 | Mi | RA | 30 | Hamstrings | Maximum | Active and passive Hamstrings flexibility |
O'Hora et al., 2011[85] | 30 | 25 | Mi | N/M | 30 | Hamstrings | Maximum | Hams flexibility |
Pepper et al., 2021[116] | 20 | 25.6 | Mi | S/U | 66 | Hip adductors | Maximum | Passive hip adduction ROM |
Pollard and Ward 1997[117] | 40 | NR | NR | N/M | 20 | Hamstrings | NR | Passive SLR |
Pratt & Bohannon, 2003[118] | 24 | 24.7 | Mi | N/M | 180 | Gastrocnemius | NR | Passive Dorsiflexion ROM |
Rodrigues et al., 2017[119] | 24 | 22.1 | M | S/U | 120 | Hamstrings | NR | Passive Hamstrings flexibility |
Rowlett et al., 2019[120] | 20 | 26.1 | Mi | N/M | 180 | Gastrocnemius and Soleus | NR | Passive Dorsiflexion ROM |
Rubini et al., 2011[121] | 30 | 28.5 | F | RA | 360 | Hip adductors | NR | Hip adductors flexibility |
Rubley et al., 2011[122] | 33 | 20.6 | Mi | RA | 90 | Hamstrings | NR | Sit and reach |
Ryan et al., 2014[123] | 52 | 22.2 | M | RA | 360 | Lower Extremity | Maximum | Dynamic Sit and Reach |
Schuback et al., 2004[124] | 26 | 35.8 | Mi | N/M | 120 | Hamstrings | Maximum | Passive hip flexion ROM |
Silva et al., 2012[125] | 20 | 24 | M | S/U | 120 | Hamstrings | Maximum | Active hip flexion ROM |
Smith et al., 2018[126] | 58 | 22 | Mi | RA | 900 | Lower Extremity | NR | Dynamic Sit and Reach |
Spernoga et al., 2001[127] | 30 | 18.8 | M | RA | 300 | Hamstrings | Below Maximum | Active Hamstrings flexibility |
Vernette-Santana et al., 2015[128] | 34 | 23 | NR | RA | 96 | Hamstrings | NR | Passive and active SLR |
Viveiros et al., 2004[129] | 10 | 25 | Mi | S/U | 10 & 30 & 60 & 120 & 180 & 360 | Posterior Deltoid | Maximum | Shoulder extension ROM |
de Weijer et al., 2003[130] | 28 | 25.4 | Mi | N/M | 90 | Hamstrings | Below Maximum | Active Hamstrings flexibility |
Wiemann & Hahn, 1997[131] | 57 | 27 | M | S/U | 45 | Hamstrings | NR | Static and ballistic hip flexion ROM |
Yildiz et al., 2020[132] | 35 | 23.6 | M | RA | 200 | Calf, Quadriceps, Hip adductors, Hamstrings, Hip Rotators | Maximum | Sit and reach |
Young et al. 2006[40] | 20 | 22.8 | Mi | RA | 60 & 120 & 240 | Triceps surae | Below Maximum & Maximum | Static Dorsiflexion ROM |
Zakas et al., 2003[133] | 47 | 14.7 | Mi | RA | 300 | Hip adductors, Hamstrings, Quadriceps, Gastrocnemius, Hip Flexors, Spinal Extensor | Maximum | Passive hip flexion and extension, knee flexion, dorsiflexion, and trunk flexion ROM |
Zito et al., 1997[134] | 19 | 25.4 | Mi | N/M | 30 | Gastrocnemius | Maximum | DF ROM |