Table 3 Descriptive characteristics of participants and upper-body plyometric training interventions
Study | Rand | Sex | Age (y) | Body mass (kg) | Height (cm) | Sport | Fit | Fr | Weeks | UBPT exercises |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aloui et al. [86] | Yes | NR | 17.7/18.1a | 76.8/73.7 | 183.0/182.0 | Handball | Mo-H | 2 | 8 | Plyometric standard push-up, plyometric diamond and wide arm push-up (all with elastic bands) |
Alvarez et al. [87] | Yes | M | 24.2/23.9 | 68.1/70.8 | 171.0/172.0 | Golf | H | 2 | 6 | Horizontal BP + plyometric push-up, seated row machine + explosive pull-downs, seated barbell military press + plyometric push-up, triceps cable push-down + plyometric push-up |
Bouagina et al. [88] | Yes | M | 17.6/17.4 | 79.1/82.4 | 181.0/184.0 | Handball | Mo | 2 | 8 | Arm/shoulder specific strength device |
Carter et al. [89] | Yes | NR | 19.7 | 90.7 | 183.0 | Baseball | Mo | 2 | 8 | "Ballistic Six" (latex tubing external rotation, latex tubing 90/90 external rotation, overhead soccer throws with a 2.7 kg MB, 90/90 external rotation side-throw with a 0.9 kg MB, deceleration baseball throws with a 0.9 kg MB, and baseball throw with 0.9 kg |
Chelly et al. [90] | Yes | M | 17.1/17.2 | 80.1/78.0 | 181.0/177.0 | Handball | Mo | 2 | 8 | Dynamic push-up |
Cuevas-Aburto et al. [91] | Yes | M | 22.6/24.3 | 80.3/81.1 | 177.0/176.0 | Handball | N | 2 | 8 | BP throw at 40% of 1RM |
Faigenbaum et al. [92] | Yes | M | 13.4/13.6 | 61.5/58.6 | 164.0/166.0 | Softball | N | 2 | 6 | MB overhead throw, MB chest pass, MB backwards throw, MB lunge chest pass, MB partner push pass (1–2 kg MB) |
Fernandez-Fernandez et al. [93] | Yes | M | 13.2/13.2 | 49.8/49.8 | 161.0/163.0 | Tennis | Mo-H | 3 | 6 | MB chest pass, MB overhead throw, MB Ear throw, MB overhead slam, MB close-stance throw -2 kg MB- |
Fernandez-Fernandez et al. [94] | No | M | 12.5 | 44.2 | 156.0 | Tennis | Mo | 2 | 8 | Push-up, push-up (clapping hands), MB chest throw, MB overhead throw, MB close stance throw, MB open-stance throw, MB two-hand overhead throw with rotation, MB overhead slam, (2 kg MB) |
Haghighi et al. [95] | Yes | M | 24.0 | 74.0 | 175.0 | Table Tennis | Mo | 3 | 8 | MB throws on chest, MB throws on the right side, MB throws on the left side (3 kg MB) |
Hammami et al. [96] | Yes | F | 13.5/13.3 | 42.6/42.3 | 142.0/143.0 | Handball | Mo | 2 | 9 | Dynamic push-up |
Hasan et al. [82] | Yes | M | 22.7/23.3 | 59.1/56.6 | 160.9/167.3 | Basketball | N-Mo | 2 | 6 | MB double arm overhead throw, MB double arm chest pass, MB double arm side-to-side throw, MB double arm through leg throw (2.7–3.6 kg MB) |
Heiderscheit et al. [40] | Yes | F | 19/19.2 | 58.9/60.6 | 166.6/166.3 | NA | L | 2 | 8 | Dominant arm weighted ball throws (1.36 and 1.82 kg) |
Ioannides et al. [97] | No | Mix | 17.6/17.0 | 65.1/67.1 | 172.0/177.0 | Karate | Mo-H | 2 | 6 | MB seated throw (1 kg) |
Mangine et al. [26] | Yes | M | 21.4/20.1 | 82.7/81.0 | 176.8/180.8 | RT | N | 3 | 8 | BP throw, MB chest pass, MB twist throw, MB sit-up throw |
Marta et al. [98] | Yes | Mix | 10.8 | 39.0 | 141.0 | NA | N | 2 | 8 | MB Chest throw (1 kg), MB chest throw (3 kg), MB overhead throw (1 kg), MB overhead throw (3 kg) |
Martins et al. [99] | Yes | Mix | 17.6/17.6 | NR | NR | NA | N | 2 | 8 | MB throws (1 kg and 3 kg) |
Newton et al. [41] | Yes | M | 18.6 | 73.7 | 179.0 | Baseball | N-Mo | 2 | 8 | MB chest pass, MB overhead throw (3 kg) |
Pardos-Mainer et al. [110] | No | M/F | 16.3/12.6 | 70.9/53.6 | 181.4/161.8 | Tennis | H | 2 | 8 | MB chest pass, MB overhead pass, MB closed position pass, clap push-up (girls = 2 kg MB; boys = 3 kg MB) |
Pereira et al. [20] | Yes | F | 14.0/13.8 | 52.0/53.5 | 160.0/160.0 | Volleyball | N-Mo | 2 | 8 | MB throws, MB unilateral throwing (dominant and non-dominant arm) -1 kg MB- |
Pienaar et al. [100] | Yes | NR | 18.9/18.9 | NR | NR | Rugby | Mo | 3 | 4 | Chest pass, step and throw, two-arm put, single arm put, MB crossover push-up, single clap push-up, pullover throws, kneeling side throw, BP throws, plyometric bench press throws, 2 ball MB push-up, MB push ups w/partner, drop and catch push-up, over the head backward throw, and incline push-up with depth jump, lateral shuffle and pass, and quarter-eagle chest pass, medicine ball grab, power drops |
Santos et al. [28] | Yes | M | 14.7/14.2 | 72.7/61.1 | 175.9/173.2 | Basketball | N-Mo | 2 | 10 | MB chest pass, MB overhead throw, MB backward throw, MB seated chest pass, MB seated, backward throw, MB pullover pass, MB power drop (3 kg MB) |
Santos et al. [101] | Yes | M | 15.0/14.5 | 62.6/61.1 | 172.9/173.2 | Basketball | N-Mo | 2 | 10 | MB chest pass, MB overhead throw, MB backward throw, MB seated chest pass, MB seated, backward throw, MB pullover pass, MB power drop (3 kg MB) |
Schulte-Edelmann et al. [83] | Yes | Mix | NR | NR | NR | NA | NR | 2 | 6 | Plyoback device throws and catch (1 kg MB) |
Singh Vishen et al. [84] | Yes | M | NR | NR | NR | Cricket | H | 3 | 6 | Plyometric push-up |
Singla et al. [102] | Yes | M | 16.3/19.9/26.9 | 62.1/70.0/78.1 | 169.9/171.8/178.1 | Cricket | N | 3 | 8 | MB 2 kg two-handed overhead throw, MB 3 kg two-handed chest pass, MB 3 kg two-handed side throw, MB 1 kg one-handed baseball throw, MB 1 kg 90/90 external rotation side-throw, MB 1 kg deceleration baseball throw |
Sortwell et al. [103] | Yes | Mix | 7.3/7.4 | NR | NR | NA | L | 3 | 8 | MB chest pass, MB throw downs, MB one-arm shoulder pass, MB overhead pass, MB push pass, Explosive push-up on step edge, MB lunge chest pass, Medicine ball push pass, Medicine ball overhead throw downs (1–2 kg MB) |
Swanik et al. [85] | Yes | M | 20.4/22.0 | 73.1/74.8 | 180.0/174.0 | NA | N | 2 | 8 | Ext rotation ball toss, chest-pass ball toss, overhead-ball toss, plyometric push-up |
Szymanski et al. [104] | Yes | M | 15.4/15.3 | 72.5/76.2 | 176.4/178.4 | Baseball | M | 3 | 12 | Hitter’s throw, standing Fig. 8, speed rotations, standing side throw, granny throw, standing backwards throw, squat and throw |
Thaqi et al. [105] | NR | M | 16.0 | NR | NR | NA | L | 2–4b | 12 | Throws (power drop), plyometric push-up, BP with MB, depth push-up (from box), alternating MB plyometric push-up, push-up (gymnastics parallels) |
Turgut et al. [106] | Yes | F | 11.0/11.0 | 45.2/47.1 | 162.7/159.1 | Volleyball | M | 3 | 12 | "Ballistic Six" (elastic band shoulder external rotation at 0°, elastic band shoulder external rotation at 90°/90°, overhead throw using a 2 kg medicine ball, 90°/90° external rotation side-throw, deceleration throw, volleyball serve) |
Valades et al. [21] | No | F | 21.9/27.2 | 76.0/70.5 | 183.0/180.0 | Volleyball | H | 2 | 8 | MB supine reception and chest throw, MB supine reception and overhead throw (30% of 1RM MB) |
Vossen et al. [107] | Yes | F | 17.3/17.4 | 56.6/56.9 | 162.9/165.2 | NA | N | 3 | 6 | Plyometric push-up |
Wilson et al. [108] | Yes | M | 20.5/24.5 | 81.1/75.9 | 181.0/175.0 | RT | N | 2 | 8 | MB medicine throws |
Young et al. [109] | No | M | 19.9 | 79.1 | NR | Mixed | Mo-H | 2 | 5 | BP throw |