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Table 3 Fixed effect estimates, standard errors, and z-values of the LMM for keyage children

From: Covid Pandemic Effects on the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children: Results of the German EMOTIKON Project

Source of variance

Fixed-effect estimate

Standard error

z-value

Grand mean (intercept)

− 0.044

0.010

− 4.64

Physical fitness component

 ECS versus LUB

0.028

0.011

2.51

 EC versus S

− 0.005

0.016

− 0.34

 E versus C

0.011

0.019

0.56

 L versus U

0.006

0.015

0.43

 U versus B

0.045

0.020

2.28

Cohort contrasts

Endurance (6-min run test)

 Pre1 (linear)

− 0.029

0.061

− 0.48

 Pre2 (quadratic)

0.014

0.025

0.56

 Covid contrast 1

− 0.077

0.011

− 7.32

 Covid contrast 2

− 0.022

0.016

− 1.35

 Covid contrast 3

− 0.011

0.016

− 0.65

Coordination (star-run test)

 Pre1 (linear)

− 0.060

0.061

− 0.98

 Pre2 (quadratic)

0.093

0.025

3.72

 Covid contrast 1

− 0.146

0.011

− 13.78

 Covid contrast 2

− 0.037

0.016

− 2.29

 Covid contrast 3

0.025

0.016

1.55

Speed (20-m sprint test)

 Pre1 (linear)

0.230

0.061

3.76

 Pre2 (quadratic)

0.031

0.025

1.26

 Covid contrast 1

− 0.029

0.011

− 2.78

 Covid contrast 2

− 0.030

0.016

− 1.87

 Covid contrast 3

0.013

0.016

0.82

PowerLOW (standing long jump test)

 Pre1 (linear)

− 0.085

0.062

− 1.38

 Pre2 (quadratic)

0.070

0.025

2.78

 Covid contrast 1

0.022

0.011

2.06

 Covid contrast 2

− 0.039

0.016

− 2.39

 Covid contrast 3

0.006

0.016

0.38

PowerUP (ball-push test)

 Pre1 (linear)

− 0.241

0.060

− 4.00

 Pre2 (quadratic)

0.064

0.025

2.62

 Covid contrast 1

− 0.083

0.010

− 7.96

 Covid contrast 2

− 0.065

0.016

− 4.07

 Covid contrast 3

0.044

0.016

2.78

Balance (one-legged-stance test)

 Pre1 (linear)

0.031

0.061

0.51

 Pre2 (quadratic)

0.068

0.025

2.71

 Covid contrast 1

0.080

0.011

7.58

 Covid contrast 2

0.024

0.016

1.47

 Covid contrast 3

0.003

0.016

0.18

Age (linear) nested within physical fitness component

 Endurance: a1

0.072

0.011

6.55

 Coordination: a1

0.274

0.011

24.96

 Speed: a1

0.202

0.011

18.32

 PowerLOW: a1

0.209

0.011

18.56

 PowerUP: a1

0.516

0.011

48.98

 Balance: a1

0.132

0.011

12.09

Sex nested within physical fitness component

 Endurance: Sex

0.435

0.006

69.29

 Coordination: Sex

0.225

0.006

35.64

 Speed: Sex

0.296

0.006

46.81

 PowerLOW: Sex

0.380

0.007

58.76

 PowerUP: Sex

0.663

0.006

109.22

 Balance: Sex

− 0.244

0.006

-38.98

  1. Physical fitness contrasts: ECS versus LUB = endurance, coordination, and speed versus powerLOW, powerUP, and balance. EC versus S = endurance and coordination versus speed. E versus C = endurance versus coordination. L versus U = powerLOW versus powerUP. U versus B = powerUP versus balance. Cohort contrasts: Pre1 (linear) = Linear pre-pandemic secular trend. Pre2 (quadratic) = Quadratic pre-pandemic secular trend. Covid contrast 1 = Cohorts 2016–2019 versus 2020–2022. Covid contrast 2 = Cohort 2020 versus 2021. Covid contrast 3 = Cohort 2021 versus 2022. Endurance = cardiorespiratory endurance (i.e., 6-min run test), coordination = star-run test, speed = 20-m linear sprint test, powerLOW = lower limbs muscle power (i.e., standing long jump test), powerUP = upper limbs muscle power (i.e., ball-push test), Balance = static balance (i.e., one-legged-stance test with eyes closed). Bold = |z| > 2.0, linear mixed model random factors: schools (515) and children (98,510), observations = 570,786. For estimates of variance components and correlation parameters, see Table 4
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