Table 2 Effects of eccentric training on overweight and obese patients
From: Effect of Eccentric Exercise on Metabolic Health in Diabetes and Obesity
Subjects | Eccentric intervention | Additional group | Effect on primary outcomes | Study | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex na | Severity of disease | Type | Duration of sessions | Intensity | Frequency of sessions, duration | |||
Overweight women 22 (11) | BMI: 25–33 | Eccentric exercise of knee extensors with isokinetic dynamometer Cybex Norm | 55’ | 1 session consisting of 5 × 15 eccentric max voluntary contractions | 1 session - | Lean group | serum TG↓, serum CHOL↓, LDL↓, HDL↓, resting energy expenditure↑, peak torque↓, pain-free range of movement↓, DOMS↑, CK↑ | [62] |
Elderly overweight and obese women 78 (14) (16) | Age: ≥ 60 yr | Isotonic exercises | 50’ | – | 3x/ week for 12 weeks | Appropriate weight control, appropriate weight, trained overweight control, obese control | BW↓, body fat↓, fat mass↓, lean mass↑ | [63] |
Elderly obese women 30 (15) | Age: 60–82 yr Obesity: body fat ≥ 30% | Descending stair walking | Progressive from 2–24 repetitions, increasing the number of repetitions 2/week | 110 stairs/repetitions (17 cm/stairs) (1 s/step velocity) | 2x/ week for 12 weeks | Ascending stair walking group | HR↓, systolic blood pressure↓, serum glucose↓, serum insulin↓, HOMA↓, HbA1c↓, OGTT↓, serum TG↓, serum CHOL↓, LDL↓, HDL↑ | [64] |
Male (12) and female (12) obese adolescents 24 | Age: 12–16 yr Obesity: BMI > 90 percentile | Eccentric cycling (Cyclus2 Eccentric Recumbent; RBM elektronik automation; MSE Medical, Duttlenheim, France | Phase1: 2 weeks habituation, 10–30’ Phase2: 45’ sessions (10’ wu, 30’ tr, 5’ cd) Phase3: 45’ sessions (10’ wu, 30’ tr, 5’ cd) | Phase1: if duration reached 30 min, intensity increased from VO2peak 20% to 50% Phase2: VO2peak 50% Phase3: VO2peak 70% | 3x/ week for 12 weeks | Concentric cycling | Body weight ↓, BMI ↓, Waist circumference ↓, Hip circumference ↓, Fat mass ↓, Lean mass ↑, Whole-body fat mass (kg) ↓, Leg lean mass (kg) ↑, Leg lean mass (%) ↑, Leg fat mass (kg) ↓, Leg fat mass (%) ↓, Trunk lean mass (kg) ↓, Trunk lean mass (%) ↑, Trunk fat mass (kg) ↓, Trunk fat mass (kg) ↓, VO2peak ↑, Pmax ↑, Quadriceps strength ↑, Insulin ↓, Glucose ↓, HOMA-IR ↓ | [43] |
Male (16) and female (18) obese adolescents 34 (11) | Age: 12–16 yr Obesity: BMI > 90 percentile | Eccentric cycling (Cyclus2 Eccentric Recumbent; RBM elektronik automation; MSE Medical, Duttlenheim, France | Phase 1: 2 weeks habituation, 10–30’ Phase 2: 45’ sessions (10’ wu, 30’ tr, 5’ cd) Phase 3: 45’ sessions (10’ wu, 30’ tr, 5’ cd) | Phase1: if duration reached 30 min, intensity increased from VO2peak 20% to 50% Phase2: VO2peak 50% Phase3: VO2peak 70% | 3x/ week for 12 weeks | Control and concentric cycling group | Body weight ↓, BMI ↓, whole-body lean mass (kg) ↓, whole-body lean mass (%) ↓, whole-body fat (kg) ↓, Leg lean mass (%) ↑, Leg fat mass (kg) ↑, Leg fat mass (%) ↓, isometric peak torque ↑, BMD ↑, BMC ↑ | [65] |
Male (11) and female (12) obese adolescents 23 (11) | Age: 12–16 yr Obesity: BMI > 90 percentile | Eccentric cycling (Cyclus2 Eccentric Recumbent; RBM elektronik automation; MSE Medical, Duttlenheim, France | Phase1: 2 weeks habituation, 10–30’ Phase2: 45’ sessions (10’ wu, 30’ tr, 5’ cd) Phase3: 45’ sessions (10’ wu, 30’ tr, 5’ cd) | Phase1: if duration reached 30 min, intensity increased from VO2peak 20% to 50% Phase2: VO2peak 50% Phase3: VO2peak 70% | 3x/ week for 12 weeks | Concentric cycling | Body weight ↓, BMI ↓, whole-body lean mass (%) ↑, whole-body fat (%) ↓, Total VSP-A ↑, Physical well-being ↑, Energy-vitality ↑ | [66] |
Male (12) and female (12) obese adolescents 24 | Age: 12–16 yr Obesity: BMI > 90 percentile | Eccentric cycling (Cyclus2 Eccentric Recumbent; RBM elektronik automation; MSE Medical, Duttlenheim, France | Multidisciplinary intervention Phase1: 2 weeks habituation, 10–30’ Phase2:45’ sessions (10’ wu, 30’ tr, 5’ cd) Phase3: 45’ sessions (10’ wu, 30’ tr, 5’ cd) | 60 min Phase 1: if duration reached 30 min, intensity increased fromVO2peak 20% to 50% Phase 2: VO2peak 50% Phase 3: VO2peak 70% | 1x/ week, 3x/ week for 12 weeks | Concentric cycling | BW↓, BMI↓, fat mass↓, hunger↓, desire to eat↓, preference for fat food↑, preference for sweet food↓ | [67] |
Men 20 (10) | Overweight | High-intensity eccentric interval cycling training | 4 repetitions of 5: 2 min work-to-rest ratio training | 80% of peak concentric power output | 3/week for 2 weeks | High-intensity concentric interval cycling training | serum cholesterol ↓, LDL ↓, heart rate ↓, systolic blood pressure ↓ | [68] |
Men 22 (10) | Overweight or obese | Eccentric resistance training, squat, hip and knee flexion, | 4 sets of 8 repetition per session | For the eccentric protocol, the flexion was performed during 5 s while extension 1 s | 3/week for 4 weeks | Concentric resistance training | waist circumference ↓, systolic blood pressure ↓, rate pressure product ↓ | [69] |
Male or female | Overweight | Eccentric resistance training with dynamic resistance training machines | 2–3 sets of 10–12 repetitions | 75% of one repetition maximum | 4/week for 12 weeks | Concentric resistance training | lean body mass ↑, heart rate ↓, | [70] |