Fig. 3
Effects of exercise interventions on neuromuscular muscle quality in 894 participants, 21 studies, 26 intervention arms, and 55 outcomes (g = 0.68, 95% CI 0.35–1.01, p < 0.001, median I2 = 79%). Positive effect sizes denote favorable effects of exercise on neuromuscular muscle quality. Abbreviations: AT, aerobic training; BFR, blood flow restriction; BIA, Bioelectrical impedance analysis; BT, balance training; CT, computed tomography; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; F, Force; MA, muscle area; MM, muscle mass; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MT, multimodal training; MT, muscle thickness; MV, muscle volume; OT, other exercise training; RT, resistance training; TQ, torque; W, weight