Fig. 4

Meta-analysis of the standardized mean differences (SMD) for the change in performance due to the intervention (i.e., post-intervention value–pre-intervention value) between congruent training and testing in the morning and evening versus incongruent training and testing in the morning and evening for strength (A) and jump performance (C) and between morning exercise (tested both in the morning and evening) and evening exercise (tested both in the morning and evening) for strength (B) and jump performance (D). Positive effect sizes indicate a higher improvement during the intervention period in the evening training condition or with congruent training and testing, while negative effect sizes indicate a higher improvement in the morning training condition or with incongruent training and testing