Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients and participants at baseline

Sex (male/female)

45/18

49/12

55/17

46/19

Age (years), Mean ± SD

55.0 ± 29.1

56.2 ± 26.9

59.6 ± 34.3

59.4 ± 36.5

Age category, N (%)

 20–30 years

11 (17.5)

10 (16.4)

11 (15.3)

10 (15.4)

 31–40 years

11 (17.5)

11 (18.0)

12 (16.7)

10 (15.4)

 41–50 years

8 (12.7)

8 (13.1)

9 (12.5)

9 (13.8)

 51–60 years

8 (12.7)

7 (11.5)

9 (12.5)

9 (13.8)

 61–70 years

8 (12.7)

8 (13.1)

10 (13.9)

10 (15.4)

 71–80 years

8 (12.7)

8 (13.1)

10 (13.9)

8 (12.3)

 81–90 years

5 (7.9)

5 (8.2)

7 (9.7)

5 (7.7)

 91–100 years

4 (6.3)

4 (6.6)

4 (5.5)

4 (6.2)

Severity, N (%)

 Mild

6 (9.5)

5 (8.2)

7 (9.7)

6 (9.2)

 Moderate

10 (15.9)

13 (21.3)

12 (16.7)

8 (12.3)

 Severe

25 (39.7)

23 (37.7)

28 (38.9)

30 (46.2)

 Critical

22 (34.9)

20 (32.8)

25 (34.7)

21 (32.3)

Symptoms, N (%)

 Fever

54 (85.7)

51 (83.6)

54 (75.0)

52 (80.0)

 Cough

34 (54.0)

38 (62.3)

37 (51.4)

32 (49.2)

 Sore throat

9 (14.3)

11 (18.0)

13 (18.0)

8 (12.3)

 Myalgia

21 (33.3)

21 (34.4)

24 (33.3)

22 (33.8)

 Dyspnoea

27 (42.9)

26 (42.6)

23 (31.9)

30 (46.2)

 Chest pain

34 (54.0)

37 (60.7)

34 (47.2)

40 (61.5)

 Diarrhea

11 (17.5)

9 (14.8)

12 (16.7)

9 (13.8)

Time between diagnosis and the first sampling (day), Mean ± SD

9.7 ± 2.3

10.2 ± 1.5

10.0 ± 2.5

9.32 ± 4.6

Weight (kg), Mean (SD)

72.0 ± 7.2

74.7 ± 13.7

71.6 ± 11.0

72.1 ± 9.9

Fat (%)

27.6 ± 3.6

29.4 ± 4.1

28.6 ± 3.3

28.8 ± 3.7

Body mass index (kg/m²), Mean (SD)

25.8 ± 2.3

27.4 ± 4.3

26.9 ± 2.9

26.3 ± 2.5

Body mass index category, N (%)

 < 25 kg/m²

23 (36.5)

11 (18.0)

17 (23.6)

23 (35.4)

 25–29.99 kg/m²

38 (60.3)

41 (67.2)

48 (66.7)

37 (56.9)

 ≥ 30 kg/m²

2 (3.2)

9 (14.8)

7 (9.7)

5 (7.7)

Waist circumference (cm)

94.2 ± 11.4

99.1 ± 11.4

96.2 ± 11.6

96.2 ± 10.9

Hip circumference (cm)

103.6 ± 6.6

107.0 ± 9.0

104.1 ± 7.1

104.8 ± 8.8

DEC (kcal)

1851.2 ± 195.1

1973.1 ± 314.3

1853.0 ± 262.6

1834.9 ± 257.0

MET (kcal/kg/hour)

1.07 ± 0.06

1.08 ± 0.07

1.06 ± 0.06

1.06 ± 0.06

Marital status, N (%)

 Married/living with partner

31 (49.2)

31 (50.8)

33 (45.8)

29 (44.6)

 Divorced/separated

7 (11.1)

5 (8.2)

9 (12.5)

10 (15.4)

 Widowed

14 (22.2)

15 (24.6)

18 (25.0)

16 (24.6)

 Never married

11 (17.5)

10 (16.4)

12 (16.7)

10 (15.4)

Number of children, Mean ± SD

2.3 ± 1.3

2.1 ± 0.9

3.2 ± 0.5

2.9 ± 1.7

SpO₂, Mean ± SD

89.4 ± 1.0

89.1 ± 0.8

88.5 ± 1.3

88.5 ± 3.1

Corticosteroid therapy, N (%)

29 (46.0)

20 (32.8)

27 (37.5)

31 (47.7)

Antiviral therapy, N (%)

34 (54.0)

41(67.2)

45 (62.5)

34 (52.3)