Table 3 Summary and characteristics of cross-sectional studies reporting prevalence of sedentary behaviour for clinical and non-clinical populations

Amagasta et al. (2020) [77]

Japan CS Prevalence

Study number in pinwheel = 1

Cognitive decline

n = 48, Mage = 77.6 (5.4)

% F = 52, SB time = 476.2

Non-cognitive decline

n = 463, Mage = 73.0 (5.4), % F = 53, SB time = 442.4

Population: mixed

Device (Active style Pro HJA-750C)

Global Cognitive Function (MMSE)

 ≤ 23 = Cognitive Function Decline (CFD)

Model 1: unadjusted

Model 4: Gender, age, education, BMI, living arrangements, working status, smoking, alcohol use, past history of stroke, medication for hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes

SB (min) mean (SD)

Cognitive Decline

476.2 (153.9)

Non-Cognitive Decline

442.4 (126.8)

p = 0.086

No significant difference in total SB time between the two groups

Bollaert & Motl (2019) [68]

USA CS Prevalence Pattern

Study number in pinwheel = 39

Healthy group

n = 40, Mage = 66.5 (6.7)

% F = 62.5, SB time = 534

Multiple Sclerosis group

n = 40, Mage = 65.3 (4.3)

% F = 62.5, SB time = 540

Population: mixed

Device (Actigraph)

Processing Speed (SDMT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test)

Episodic Memory (Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-revised, CVLT-II)

Not stated

Total SB

Between groups

p < 0.05

# of SB bouts

Between groups

p > 0.05

Duration of SB bouts:

Between groups

p > 0.05

# of long SB bouts (> 30 min)

Between groups

p > 0.05

Duration of long SB bouts

Between groups

p < 0.015

Total SB time was significantly greater in the impaired group

Duration of SB bouts were significantly greater for impaired group

Da Ronch et al. (2015) [46]

Italy Switzerland Germany CS Prevalence

Study number in pinwheel = N/A

Whole sample

n = 1383 Mage = 73.1 (5.7), %F = 47.6

MCI: n = 251

No cognitive impairment: n = 1132

Population: mixed

Self-report (Self-report daily hours sitting)

Global Cognitive Function (MMSE)

18–26 = MCI

27–30 = No cognitive impairment

Gender, age, education, employment status, financial situation, living status, study centre

mean hours/day (SD)

MCI: 3.98 (SD = 1.42)

No MCI: 3.62 (SD = 1.4)

p < 0.001

Total SB was significantly higher in the impaired group

Falck et al. (2017) [55]

Canada CS Prevalence Pattern

Study number in pinwheel = 10

Probable MCI

n = 81, Mage = 72.5 (7.6)

% F = 59.8, SB time = 594.8

Without MCI

n = 69, Mage = 69.4 (6.4)

% F = 77.9, SB time = 541.6

Population: mixed

Device (MotionWatch8)

Global Cognitive Function (MoCA, ADAS-Cog Plus)

Probable MCI = MoCA < 26

Age, sex, education

Mean (SD) b/n those with MCI & without

% Sedentary time

with probable MCI = 61.65 (11.35)

without MCI = 57.24 (12.38)

p = 0.161

Average 30 + min bouts/day SB

with probable MCI = 4.07 (1.85)

without MCI = 3.30 (1.73)

p = 0.046

Total SB time did not significantly differ between groups

Impaired group had significantly more 30 + min bouts of SB/day compared to the non-impaired group

Hartman et al. (2018) [83]

Netherlands CS Prevalence Pattern

Study number in pinwheel = N/A

Dementia

n = 45, Mage = 79.6 (5.9)

% F = 51, SB time = 510

Controls

n = 49, Mage = 80.0 (7.7)

% F = 48.9, SB time = 486

Population: mixed

Device (Philips Actiwatch 2)

Global Cognitive Function (MMSE)

Not reported

SB minutes (SD)

Dementia: 510 (432–600)

Control: 486 (432–552)

p = 0.0216

# of interruptions in SB (SD)

Dementia: 28.2 (26.2–32.5)

Control: 27.2 (24.5–31.0)

p = 0.195

# of 30 min prolonged bouts (SD)

Dementia: 2.0 (0.9–3.3)

Control: 2.3 (1.0–4.1)

p = 0.227

Duration of avg SB bout (SD)

Dementia: 16.6 (15.3–18.4)

Control: 18.3 (16.4–21.1)

p = 0.008

Total SB time was significantly greater in the impaired group

Number of SB interruptions or number of 30 + min SB bouts did not significantly differ between groups

Duration of SB bouts were significantly greater for impaired group

Lu et al. (2018) [84]

Hong Kong CS Prevalence Pattern

Study number in pinwheel = 24

Healthy: n = 271, Mage = 81.9 (3.5), % F = 38.2

Low MoCA: n = 252, Mage = 83.4 (4.0), % F = 47.6

MCI: n = 105, Mage = 83.6 (3.7), % F = 48.6

AD: n = 182, Mage = 80.8 (5.9), % F = 65.4

Population: mixed

Device (Actigraph)

Global Cognitive Function (Hong Kong version of MoCA)

Model 1: age, gender, wear time

Model 2: age, gender, wear time, years of education, BMI, unusual gait speed, living status, disease burden

Time in SB (min/day):

Controls = 546.7

Low MoCA = 534.1

MCI = 516.9

AD = 601.2

Average SB bout length:

Controls: 6.6 (0.2)*

Low MoCA: 6.5 (0.2)*

MCI: 6.3 (0.3)*

AD: 7.9 (0.2)

# of SB bouts > 30 min = 

Controls: 3.3 (0.1)*

Low MoCA: 3.3 (0.1)*

MCI: 3.5 (0.2)*

AD: 4.1 (0.1)

*p < 0.05 compared to the AD group

The most impaired group (AD) spent significantly more time in SB

The most impaired group (AD) had significantly more 30 + min SB bouts

Marmeleria et al. (2017) [85]

Portugal Prevalence

Study number in pinwheel = N/A

Cognitively impaired:

n = 48, Mage = 83.9 (7.7), %F = 73, SB time = 604

MMSE = 14.9 (4.9)

Healthy: n = 22, Mage = 82.2 (8.8), %F = 55, SB time = 601

MMSE = 25.8 (2.2.)

Population: mixed

Device (Actigraph)

Motor Skills and Construction (Dear-Leiwald Reaction task)

age, gender, and accelerometer wear time

Sedentary time

p > 0.05

Reaction time

p > 0.05

No significant difference in total SB time between the two groups

Stubbs

et al. (2017) [56]

Taiwan CS Prevalence

Study number in pinwheel = 30

Schizophrenia

n = 199, Mage = 44.0 (9.9)

% F = 38.7, SB time = 581

Controls

n = 60, Mage = 41.9 (9.6)

% F = 43.3, SB time = 336

Population: mixed

Device (ActiGraph)

Processing Speed, (Cognitrone test (COG))

Motor Skills and Construction (Reaction Test, Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT))

Model 1: age, sex, education, weight status, smoking, alcohol consumption, medications, PANSS, MetS

Model 2: age, sex, education, weight status, smoking, alcohol consumption, medications, PANSS, MetS, Physical activity energy expenditure

p < 0.001

Total SB time was significantly greater in the impaired group

Suzuki et al. (2020) [57]

Japan CS Prevalence

Study number in pinwheel = 48

Males

n = 68, Mage = 88.0 (1.0), %F = 0, SB time = 855

Females

n = 68, Mage = 88.0 (0.9), %F = 100, Sb time = 798

Population: mixed

Device (Actigraph)

Global Cognitive Function (ACE-III)

Score of ≤ 88 indicating cognitive impairment

Single Factor Model: device wear time, age, education and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

Partition Model: All time units spent performing any of the activity categories and covariates were entered into the same model, and the independent effects of each behavioral variable were examined

SB time (min), SD

Males

Cognitive Decline Group (n = 54)

859.1 (149.2)

Cognitive Maintain Group (n = 14):

837.4 (130.3)

p = 0.363

Females

Cognitive Decline Group (n = 50):

788.6 (150.0)

Cognitive Maintain Group (n = 18):

824.8 (116.0)

p = 0.357

No significant difference in total SB time between the two groups

van Alphen et al. (2016) [45]

Netherlands Prevalence

Study number in pinwheel = N/A

Institutionalized dementia patients

n = 83, age: 83.0 (7.6), % F = 79.5

MMSE: 15.5 ± 6.5

Community dwelling dementia patients

n = 37, Mage = 77.3 (5.6)

% F = 40.5

MMSE = 20.8 (4.8)

Healthy older adults

n = 26, Mage = 79.5 (5.6)

% F = 50

MMSE: 28.2 ± 1.6

Population: mixed

Device (Actigraph)

Cognitive status (MMSE)

Age, and cognitive state (MMSE)

SB time was different for the 3 groups (F(2,143) = 9.891, p < .001)

institutionalized dementia patients:

SB h/day = 17.30 (3.24)

community dwelling dementia patients:

SB h/day = 15.83 (2.72)

healthy control:

SB h/day = 14.54 (1.92)

Total SB time was significantly different in the three groups, with the greatest total SB time in the most impaired group

Vancampfort et al. (2018) [52]

China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa

CS

Study number in pinwheel = 31

Whole sample:

n = 32,715, Mage = 62.1 (15.6)

% F = 50.1

MCI

n = 4082, Mage = 64.4 (17.0)

% F = 55.1, SB time = 262

Population: mixed

Self-report (Global physical activity questionnaire)

Global Cognitive Function (Based on the recommendations of the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association)

Sex, age, years of education, wealth, depression, obesity, number of chronic conditions, low PA, country

Sedentary < 4 h/day, prevalence of MCI = 13.5%

Sedentary ≥ 11 h/day, prevalence of MCI = 21.3%

The prevalence of MCI increased with increasing hours per day spent sedentary

Varma et al. (2017) [86]

USA Prevalence

Study number in pinwheel = N/A

Mild Alzheimer’s Disease

n = 36, Mage = 73.5 (7.9), % F = 28

SB time = 585

Controls

n = 53, Mage = 73.2, %F = 70

SB time = 518

Population: mixed

Device (Actigraph)

Cognitive Status (clinical dementia rating scale scores)

0 (normal)

0.5 (very mild)

1 (mild)

Cardiorespiratory capacity, body mass index, mobility impairment, age, sex, and race

Difference (Mild AD—Control) sedentary minutes: − 5.738 (SE = 26.691) p = 0.830

Total SB was significantly higher in the impaired group

Watts et al. (2018) [54]

USA CS Prevalence Pattern

Study number in pinwheel = 35

Mild AD

n = 47, Mage = 73.1 (8.0)

% F = 34. SB time = 584

Controls

n = 53, Mage = 73.2 (6.5)

% F = 69, SB time = 556.8

Population: mixed

Device (activPAL)

Global Cognitive Function (MMSE)

Processing Speed (WAIS-DSST, block design, digits forward, animal fluency, vegetable fluency, TMT A)

Executive Function (Stroop)

Cognitive Flexibility (Letter number sequencing, TMT B)

Working Memory (Letter number sequencing, digits backwards, TMT B)

Episodic Memory (logical memory immediate, logical memory delayed)

Mild AD diagnosis:

 = 0.5 (very mild) or 1 (mild)

Controls:

 = 0 (no dementia)

None

Mean SB time, (SD) p = 0.52

Mild AD activPAL: 584.4 (91.2)

Controls activPAL: 568.2 (130.8)

# interruptions, (SD) p = 0.06

Mild AD activPAL: 42.28 (13.43)

Controls activPAL: 47.52 (12.01)

30 + min bouts p = 0.07

Mild AD activPAL: 5.49 (1.35)

Controls activPAL: 4.91 (1.57)

No significant difference in total SB time between the two groups

Number of SB interruptions were significantly greater for the control group

Number of 30 + min bouts per did not significantly differ between groups