Table 9 Pooled and single study results for kinetic, kinematic and muscle activation variables at the hip
Variable | Preferred SR versus Increased SR | Preferred SR versus Reduced SR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kinetics | Hip extension moment at IC |  + 5% [49] |  − 0.20 ( − 0.61, 0.22) |  − 5% [49] | 0.00 ( − 0.41, 0.41) |
|  |  + 10% [49] |  − 0.20 ( − 0.61, 0.22) |  − 10% [49] | 0.20 ( − 0.22, 0.61) | |
Hip extensor moment during stance phase |  + 10% [33] | 0.18 ( − 0.45, 0.82) |  |  | |
Peak hip abduction moment |  + 5% [49] | 0.00 ( − 0.41, 0.41) |  − 5% [49] | 0.00 ( − 0.41, 0.41) | |
|  |  + 10% [49] | 0.25 ( − 0.17, 0.66) |  − 10% [49] |  − 0.22 ( − 0.63, 0.20) | |
Peak hip IR moment |  + 5% [49] | 0.00 ( − 0.41, 0.41) |  − 5% [49] | 0.00 ( − 0.41, 0.41) | |
|  |  + 10% [49] | 0.50 (0.08, 0.92) |  − 10% [49] |  − 0.50 ( − 0.92,  − 0.08) | |
Negative hip work |  + 5% [49] |  − 0.25 ( − 0.66, 0.17) |  − 5% [49] | 0.26 ( − 0.15, 0.68) | |
|  |  − 0.55 ( − 0.91,  − 0.20) |  − 0.67 ( − 1.02,  − 0.31) | |||
Positive hip work |  + 5% [49] | 0.04 ( − 0.37, 0.46) |  − 5% [49] |  − 0.20 ( − 0.61, 0.22) | |
|  |  + 10% [49] | 0.13 ( − 0.28, 0.54) |  − 10% [49] |  − 0.49 ( − 0.91,  − 0.07) | |
Average positive hip power (stance) |  + 8% [26] | 0.14 [ − 0.55, 0.83] |  − 8% [26] |  − 0.07 [ − 0.76, 0.62] | |
|  |  + 15% [26] | 0.31 [ − 0.39, 1.01] |  − 15% [26] |  − 0.42 [ − 1.12, 0.28] | |
Average positive hip power (swing) |  + 8% [26] |  − 0.82 [ − 1.55,  − 0.10] |  − 8% [26] | 0.63 [ − 0.08, 1.35] | |
|  |  + 15% [26] |  − 1.61 [ − 2.42,  − 0.80] |  − 15% [26] | 1.13 [0.38, 1.88] | |
GMAX muscle activity—stance 0–15% |  + 5% [32] |  − 0.11 ( − 0.52, 0.30) |  |  | |
|  |  + 10% [32] |  − 0.33 ( − 0.74, 0.09) |  |  | |
GMAX muscle activity—swing 80–90% |  + 5% [32] |  − 0.15 ( − 0.57, 0.26) |  |  | |
|  |  + 10% [32] |  − 0.60 ( − 1.02,  − 0.18) |  |  | |
GMAX muscle activity—swing 90–100% |  + 5% [32] |  − 0.17 ( − 0.58, 0.24) |  |  | |
|  |  + 10% [32] |  − 0.34 ( − 0.76, 0.07) |  |  | |
GMED muscle activity—stance 0–15% |  + 5% [32] |  − 0.10 ( − 0.51, 0.31) |  |  | |
|  |  + 10% [32] |  − 0.30 ( − 0.71, 0.12) |  |  | |
GMED muscle activity—swing 80–90% |  + 5% [32] |  − 0.33 ( − 0.75, 0.09) |  |  | |
|  |  + 10% [32] |  − 0.70 ( − 1.13,  − 0.27) |  |  | |
GMED muscle activity—swing 90–100% |  + 5% [32] |  − 0.12 ( − 0.54, 0.29) |  |  | |
|  |  + 10% [32] |  − 0.46 ( − 0.88,  − 0.04) |  |  | |
GMAX positive work |  + 10% [51] | 0.37 ( − 0.14, 0.88) |  − 10% [51] |  − 0.64 ( − 1.16,  − 0.12) | |
GMAX negative work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.37 ( − 0.88, 0.14) |  − 10% [51] | 0.54 (0.02, 1.05) | |
GMED positive work |  + 10% [51] | 0.88 (0.34, 1.41) |  − 10% [51] |  − 0.88 ( − 1.41,  − 0.35) | |
GMED negative work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.85 ( − 1.37,  − 0.32) |  − 10% [51] | 0.28 ( − 0.23, 0.79) | |
GMIN positive work |  + 10% [51] | 0.72 (0.20, 1.24) |  − 10% [51] |  − 0.42 ( − 0.94, 0.09) | |
GMIN negative work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.69 ( − 1.21,  − 0.17) |  − 10% [51] | 0.00 ( − 0.51, 0.51) | |
TFL positive work |  + 10% [51] | 0.20 ( − 0.31, 0.70) |  − 10% [51] | 0.00 ( − 0.51, 0.51) | |
TFL negative work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.28 ( − 0.79, 0.23) |  − 10% [51] | 0.00 ( − 0.51, 0.51) | |
SART positive work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.33 ( − 0.84, 0.18) |  − 10% [51] | 0.00 ( − 0.51, 0.51) | |
SART negative work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.62 ( − 1.14,  − 0.11) |  − 10% [51] | 0.62 (0.11, 1.14) | |
Psoas positive work |  + 10% [51] | 0.00 ( − 0.51, 0.51) |  − 10% [51] | 0.04 ( − 0.47, 0.54) | |
Psoas negative work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.25 ( − 0.76, 0.25) |  − 10% [51] | 0.23 ( − 0.28, 0.74) | |
Iliacus positive work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.55 ( − 1.06,  − 0.03) |  − 10% [51] | 0.58 (0.06, 1.10) | |
Iliacus negative work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.13 ( − 0.64, 0.38) |  − 10% [51] | 0.33 ( − 0.18, 0.84) | |
ADDMAG positive work |  + 10% [51] | 0.21 ( − 0.30, 0.72) |  − 10% [51] |  − 0.21 ( − 0.72, 0.30) | |
ADDMAG negative work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.56 ( − 1.07,  − 0.04) |  − 10% [51] | 0.22 ( − 0.29, 0.73) | |
ADDBREV positive work |  + 10% [51] | 0.07 ( − 0.43, 0.58) |  − 10% [51] | 0.21 ( − 0.30, 0.72) | |
ADDBREV negative work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.49 ( − 1.00, 0.02) |  − 10% [51] | 0.20 ( − 0.31, 0.70) | |
ADDLONG positive work |  + 10% [51] | 0.10 ( − 0.40, 0.61) |  − 10% [51] | 0.21 ( − 0.30, 0.72) | |
ADDLONG negative work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.44 ( − 0.95, 0.08) |  − 10% [51] | 0.36 ( − 0.15, 0.87) | |
Piriformis positive work |  + 10% [51] | 0.28 ( − 0.23, 0.79) |  − 10% [51] |  − 0.44 ( − 0.95, 0.08) | |
Piriformis negative work |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.22 ( − 0.73, 0.29) |  − 10% [51] | 0.36 ( − 0.15, 0.87) | |
Peak GMED muscle force—late stance / early swing (0–40%) |  + 10% [36] | 0.90 (0.37, 1.43) |  − 10% [36] |  − 0.54 ( − 1.05,  − 0.02) | |
Peak GMED muscle force—late swing (80–99%) |  + 10% [36] |  − 0.32 ( − 0.83, 0.19) |  − 10% [36] | 0.49 ( − 0.02, 1.01) | |
Peak GMAX muscle force—late stance / early swing (0–40%) |  + 10% [36] | 0.57 (0.05, 1.09) |  − 10% [36] |  − 0.78 ( − 1.30,  − 0.25) | |
Peak GMAX muscle force—late swing (80–99%) |  + 10% [36] |  − 0.07 ( − 0.58, 0.43) |  − 10% [36] | 0.33 ( − 0.18, 0.84) | |
Peak GMED muscle force—stance |  + 10% [51] | 0.88 (0.34, 1.41) |  − 10% [51] |  − 0.54 ( − 1.05,  − 0.02) | |
Peak GMED muscle force—late swing |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.31 ( − 0.82, 0.20) |  − 10% [51] | 0.44 ( − 0.07, 0.96) | |
Peak GMIN muscle force—stance |  + 10% [51] | 0.61 (0.09, 1.13) |  − 10% [51] |  − 0.32 ( − 0.83, 0.19) | |
Peak GMIN muscle force—early swing |  + 10% [51] | 0.08 ( − 0.43, 0.59) |  − 10% [51] | 0.41 ( − 0.10, 0.92) | |
Peak GMIN muscle force—late swing |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.28 ( − 0.79, 0.23) |  − 10% [51] | 0.40 ( − 0.11, 0.91) | |
Peak GMAX muscle force—stance |  + 10% [51] | 0.42 ( − 0.09, 0.93) |  − 10% [51] |  − 0.71 ( − 1.24,  − 0.19) | |
Peak GMAX muscle force—late swing |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.07 ( − 0.58, 0.43) |  − 10% [51] | 0.33 ( − 0.18, 0.84) | |
Peak TFL muscle force—early swing |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.36 ( − 0.87, 0.15) |  − 10% [51] | 0.37 ( − 0.14, 0.88) | |
Peak SART muscle force—early swing |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.54 ( − 1.06,  − 0.03) |  − 10% [51] | 0.35 ( − 0.16, 0.86) | |
Peak psoas muscle force—early swing |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.05 ( − 0.56, 0.45) |  − 10% [51] | 0.12 ( − 0.38, 0.63) | |
Peak iliacus muscle force—early swing |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.29 ( − 0.80, 0.22) |  − 10% [51] | 0.44 ( − 0.08, 0.95) | |
Peak ADDMAG muscle force—stance |  + 10% [51] | 0.08 ( − 0.42, 0.59) |  − 10% [51] |  − 0.34 ( − 0.85, 0.17) | |
Peak ADDBREV muscle force—early swing |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.18 ( − 0.69, 0.32) |  − 10% [51] | 0.32 ( − 0.19, 0.83) | |
Peak ADDLONG muscle force—early swing |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.11 ( − 0.61, 0.40) |  − 10% [51] | 0.05 ( − 0.45, 0.56) | |
Peak piriformis muscle force—stance |  + 10% [51] | 0.45 ( − 0.06, 0.96) |  − 10% [51] |  − 0.47 ( − 0.98, 0.05) | |
Peak piriformis muscle force—early swing |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.65 ( − 1.17,  − 0.13) |  − 10% [51] | 0.63 (0.11, 1.15) | |
Peak piriformis muscle force—late swing |  + 10% [51] |  − 0.09 ( − 0.60, 0.41) |  − 10% [51] | 0.15 ( − 0.36, 0.66) | |
Kinematics | Average hip flexion at IC |  + 5% [45] | 0.06 ( − 0.81, 0.94) |  − 5% [45] |  − 0.03 ( − 0.91, 0.85) |
|  | 0.14 ( − 0.29, 0.57) |  − 10% [45] |  − 0.35 ( − 1.23, 0.54) | ||
Average hip flexion during stance phase |  + 10% [34] | 0.07 ( − 0.42, 0.57) |  |  | |
Peak hip flexion during stance phase |  + 5% [49] | 0.25 ( − 0.16, 0.67) |  − 5% [49] |  − 0.21 ( − 0.62, 0.20) | |
|  |  + 7.5% (post 12 weeks) [38] | 0.05 ( − 0.75, 0.85) |  |  | |
|  | 0.42 (0.10, 0.75) |  − 10% [49] |  − 0.71 ( − 1.13,  − 0.28) | ||
Average hip adduction at IC |  + 10% [34] |  − 0.03 ( − 0.53, 0.47) |  |  | |
Average hip adduction during stance phase |  + 10% [34] | 0.00 ( − 0.49, 0.50) |  |  | |
Peak hip adduction during stance phase |  + 5% [49] | 0.28 ( − 0.14, 0.69) |  − 5% [49] |  − 0.12 ( − 0.53, 0.29) | |
|  |  + 7.5% (post 8 sessions) [40] | 0.72 ( − 0.00, 1.44) |  |  | |
|  |  + 7.5% (post 4 weeks) [40] | 0.59 ( − 0.12, 1.30) |  |  | |
|  | 0.40 (0.11, 0.69) |  − 10% [49] |  − 0.26 ( − 0.67, 0.16) | ||
Average hip IR at IC |  + 10% [34] | 0.18 ( − 0.32, 0.68) |  |  | |
Average hip IR during stance phase |  + 10% [34] | 0.02 ( − 0.48, 0.52) |  |  | |
Peak hip IR during stance phase |  + 5% [49] | 0.02 ( − 0.39, 0.44) |  − 5% [49] |  − 0.09 ( − 0.50, 0.32) | |
|  | 0.07 ( − 0.25, 0.38) |  − 10% [49] |  − 0.19 ( − 0.61, 0.22) | ||
|  |  + 10% (post 4 weeks) [23] |  − 0.01 ( − 0.81, 0.79) |  |  | |
|  |  + 10% (post 12 weeks) [23] |  − 0.04 ( − 0.84, 0.76) |  |  | |
Hip extension |  |  |  − 10% [24] | 0.71 (0.07, 1.35) | |