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Table 2 Hazard rate ratios for shoulder and knee injuries/problems between the three trial arms

From: The Effect of Shoulder and Knee Exercise Programmes on the Risk of Shoulder and Knee Injuries in Adolescent Elite Handball Players: A Three-Armed Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial

 

HRR

95% CI

P-value

 

Primary outcomes

Shoulder injury*

    

Shoulder Group versus Control Group

0.44

0.29 to 0.68

 < 0.001

 

Shoulder Group versus Knee Group

0.66

0.38 to 1.14

0.14

 

Knee Group versus Control Group

0.66

0.38 to 1.13

0.13

 

Knee injury*

Knee Group vs Control Group

0.69

0.49 to 0.97

0.03

 

Knee Group versus Shoulder Group

0.74

0.54 to 1.01

0.06

 

Shoulder Group versus Control Group

0.94

0.69 to 1.29

0.71

 

Secondary outcomes

Time-loss shoulder injury†

Shoulder Group versus Control Group

0.44

0.30 to 0.65

 < 0.001

 

Shoulder Group versus Knee Group

0.60

0.38 to 0.94

0.03

 

Knee Group versus Control Group

0.74

0.53 to 1.03

0.07

 

Substantial shoulder problem ‡

Shoulder Group versus Control Group

0.51

0.30 to 0.87

0.01

 

Shoulder Group versus Knee Group

0.63

0.38 to 1.07

0.09

 

Knee Group versus Control Group

0.80

0.50 to 1.29

0.36

 

Any shoulder problem§

Shoulder Group versus Control Group

0.49

0.29 to 0.83

0.01

 

Shoulder Group versus Knee Group

0.65

0.42 to 0.99

<0.05

 

Knee Group versus Control Group

0.80

0.51 to 1.11

0.16

 

Time-loss knee injury†

Knee Group versus Control Group

0.62

0.46 to 0.83

0.002

 

Knee Group versus Shoulder Group

0.76

0.59 to 0.99

0.04

 

Shoulder Group versus Control Group

0.82

0.64 to 1.05

0.12

 

Substantial knee problem‡

Knee Group versus Control Group

0.61

0.44 to 0.85

0.003

 

Knee Group versus Shoulder Group

0.68

0.56 to 0.83

 < 0.001

 

Shoulder Group versus Control Group

0.90

0.65 to 1.25

0.53

 

Any knee problem§

Knee Group versus Control Group

0.77

0.54 to 1.12

0.17

 

Knee Group versus Shoulder Group

1.43

1.15 to 1.79

0.002

 

Shoulder Group versus Control Group

0.54

0.34 to 0.72

 < 0.001

 
  1. CI confidence interval, HRR hazard rate ratio
  2. *Reporting a score of 40 points or more for shoulder or knee problems, respectively with the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC-O)
  3. †Reporting at least reduced participation or inability to participate due to a shoulder or knee problems, respectively with the OSTRC-O
  4. ‡Reporting at least a moderate reduction in training volume or performance due to a shoulder or knee problems, respectively with the OSTRC-O
  5. §Reporting anything but “full participation without any shoulder or knee problems”, respectively with the OSTRC-O
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