Table 4 Outline of videography studies
Study | Publication year | Themes | Number of participants | Speed of swimming | Number of cameras used | Dimensionality of analysis | Parameters measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gonjo and Olstad [43] | 2021 | Kinematics Experience-level comparison | 7 elite male swimmers 7 sub-elite male swimmers | Time trial | 10 | 2D | Velocity Race segment analysis |
Hellard et al. [16] | 2008 | Kinematics Experience-level comparison | 16 female international-level semi-finalists 16 female national-level semi-finalists | In competition | 4 | 2D | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity |
Invernizzi et al. [21] | 2014 | Strength expression | 24 male national-level swimmers 20 female national-level swimmers | Time trial | 1 | 2D | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity Normalised chin-up score Normalised jump-reach score |
Komar et al. [26] | 2014 | Temporal analysis Experience-level comparison | 5 male expert swimmers 3 female expert swimmers 6 male recreational swimmers 4 female recreational swimmers | Race pace simulation | 6 | 3D | Velocity Intracyclic velocity variation Displacement Acceleration Elbow angle Knee angle |
Louro et al. [34] | 2016 | Temporal analysis Individual analysis | 5 male national-level swimmers | Time trial | 2 | 2D | Movement events Stroke phases |
Olstad et al. [15] | 2020 | Kinematics | 15 male high-level swimmers | Time trial | 11 | 2D | Velocity Race segments analysis Stroke rate Stroke length Glide distance Stroke count |
Oxford et al. [14] | 2017 | Kinematics Temporal analysis | 18 male national-level swimmers 8 female national-level swimmers | Time trial | 3 | 2D | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity La+ Heart rate RPE Stroke phases |
Sanders et al. [47] | 2015 | Kinematics Asymmetry | 1 elite female swimmer | Fatigue set | 6 | 3D | Displacement Acceleration Angular velocity Peak torque |
Seifert and Chollet [18] | 2005 | Temporal analysis Race distance comparison Sex comparison | 9 elite male swimmers 8 elite female swimmers | Race pace simulation | 3 | 2D | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity Index of flat breaststroke propulsion Stroke phases |
Seifert and Chollet [36] | 2009 | Temporal analysis Race distance comparison | 12 elite male swimmers | Race pace simulation | 4 | 2D | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity Stroke phases |
Seifert et al. [37] | 2013 | Coordination pattern manipulation Energy cost | 8 male national-level swimmers | Submaximal | 2 | 2D | Stroke rate Stroke length VO2 La+ |
Seifert et al. [27] | 2014 | Coordination pattern manipulation Energy cost | 7 national-level swimmers a | Submaximal | 6 | 3D | VO2 La+ Energy cost Intracyclic velocity variation Angular velocity Trunk inclination Elbow angle Knee angle Stroke phases |
Takagi et al. [2] | 2004 | Temporal analysis Race distance comparison Experience-level comparison | 15 male 50Â m international races 16 male 100Â m international races 15 male 200Â m international races 12 female 50Â m international races 10 female 100Â m international races 13 female 200Â m international races | In competition | 3 | 2D | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity Intracyclic velocity variation Stroke phases |
Thompson et al. [12] | 2000 | Kinematics Race distance comparison | 159 male 100Â m international- or national-level finals 158 female 100Â m international- or national-level finals 159 male 200Â m international- or national-level finals 158 female 200Â m international- or national-level finals | In competition | 5 | 2D | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity Skill time |
Thompson et al. [23] | 2004 | Kinematics Individual between race comparison | 36 male international- or national-level finalists | In competition | 5 | 2D | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity Skill time |