Fatigue and Recovery Time Course After Female Soccer Matches: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis

Goulart, Karine Naves Oliveira; Coimbra, Cândido Celso; Campos, Helton Oliveira; Drummond, Lucas Rios; Ogando, Pedro Henrique Madureira; Brown, Georgia; Couto, Bruno Pena; Duffield, Rob; Wanner, Samuel Penna

doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00466-3

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 3 Fatigue and recovery time course of physiological parameters

From: Fatigue and Recovery Time Course After Female Soccer Matches: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis

Physiological parameters
Study	Variable	Pre	Post	1–12 h	13–24 h	25–48 h	49–72 h
	Muscle damage markers
Andersson et al. [1]	CK (U.L⁻¹)
	Match 1—Active group	158 ± 136	344 ± 169*		Missing	Missing	211 ± 128
	Match 1—Passive group	146 ± 103	327 ± 214*		Missing	Missing	157 ± 120
	Match 2—Active group	211 ± 128	414 ± 161
	Match 2—Passive group	157 ± 120	363 ± 195
Bonilla et al. [36]	CK (U/L)	172 ± 54			169 ± 46
Bonilla et al. [36]	LDH (U/L)	282 ± 44			341 ± 78*
Gravina et al. [42]	CK (U/L)	150 ± 65	243 ± 148		332 ± 302*
Gravina et al. [42]	LDH (U/L)	317 ± 39	407 ± 68*		342 ± 43
Póvoas et al. [50]	CK (U/L)
	Match 1—High-rank players	230.8 ± 74.2	324.3 ± 124.7
	Match 1—Low-rank players	366.4 ± 319.3	563.0 ± 356.4
Souglis et al. [52]	CK (U/L)	145 ± 22	262 ± 55*		747 ± 290*	343 ± 185*
Souglis et al. [2]	CK (U/L)
	Attackers	145.70 ± 17.99	254.50 ± 15.45		494.90 ± 84.51*	422.20 ± 62.51*	340.00 ± 49.12*
	Midfielders	146.50 ± 26.26	271.40 ± 24.20		539.10 ± 65.90*	443.00 ± 62.39*	363.80 ± 53.60*
	Defenders	132.30 ± 11.47	229.40 ± 23.74		407.80 ± 24.25*	353.60 ± 25.82*	309.20 ± 18.63*
	LDH (IU/L)
	Attackers	155.90 ± 11.44	222.30 ± 13.60		332.00 ± 18.59*	313.80 ± 16.05*	246.10 ± 11.52*
	Midfielders	152.40 ± 9.41	240.40 ± 14.40		355.50 ± 17.13	322.80 ± 11.77*	260.50 ± 14.06*
	Defenders	155.50 ± 11.07	214.80 ± 9.50		321.00 ± 13.93*	307.70 ± 14.63*	231.60 ± 10.78*
Tsubakihara et al. [53]	CK (IU/L)	210.3 ± 128.2	292.8 ± 152.2*
Tsubakihara et al. [53]	LDH (IU/L)	204.1 ± 47.5	261.9 ± 57.7*
	Inflammatory and immunological parameters
Andersson et al. [35]	IL-6 (pg/mL)
	Match 1—Active group	2.1 ± 1.8	11.3 ± 8.3*		6.0 ± 6.9	3.5 ± 2.0	3.9 ± 4.2
	Match 1—Passive group	5.4 ± 3.4	9.8 ± 3.4*		6.1 ± 4.7	4.2 ± 1.8	4.3 ± 5.6
	Match 2—Active group	3.9 ± 4.2	10.6 ± 6.3
	Match 2—Passive group	4.3 ± 5.6	10.1 ± 6.9
	TNF-α (pg/mL)
	Match 1—Active group	7 ± 2	24 ± 22*		17 ± 9	8 ± 2	10 ± 4
	Match 1—Passive group	9 ± 2	25 ± 7*		14 ± 7	8 ± 2	15 ± 11
	Match 2—Active group	10 ± 4	9 ± 2
	Match 2—Passive group	15 ± 11	17 ± 4
	Leukocytes (cells/mL)
	Match 1	5.3 ± 1.1 × 10³	8.2 ± 1.5 × 10³*				4.8 ± 0.9 × 10³
	Match 2	4.8 ± 0.9 × 10³	8.3 ± 1.8 × 10³ *
	Neutrophils (cells/mL)
	Match 1	3.0 ± 1.1 × 10³	6.1 ± 1.5 × 10³*				2.7 ± 0.6 × 10³
	Match 2	2.7 ± 0.6 × 10³	6.4 ± 1.7 × 10³*
	Lymphocytes (cells/mL)
	Match 1	1.8 ± 0.3 × 10³	1.6 ± 0.4 × 10³				1.6 ± 0.4 × 10³
	Match 2	1.6 ± 0.4 × 10³	1.5 ± 0.1 × 10³
Gravina et al. [42]	CRP (mg/dL)	0.06 ± 0.05	0.11 ± 0.04		0.16 ± 0.13*
	Leukocyte (10³/µL)	5.35 ± 0.8	9.64 ± 2.9*		5.81 ± 1.2
	Neutrophils (10³/µL)	2.54 ± 0.6	7.35 ± 2.9*		2.83 ± 0.8
	Lymphocytes (10³/µL)	2.15 ± 0.5	1.62 ± 0.9*		2.29 ± 0.6
Goulart et al. [32]	CRP (mg/L)	0.24 ± 0.19			0.73 ± 0.90	0.53 ± 0.57	0.38 ± 0.33
Póvoas et al. [50]	CRP (mg/L)
	Match 1—High-rank players	0.75 ± 4.46	1.28 ± 1.08
	Match 1—Low-rank players	0.96 ± 1.03	0.78 ± 0.64
Souglis et al. [52]	CRP (mg/mL)	1.37 ± 1.31	1.53 ± 1.12		3.03 ± 2.08*	1.78 ± 1.33
	IL-6 (pg/mL)	1.23 ± 0.71	5.09 ± 3.07*		1.35 ± 0.88	1.18 ± 0.68
	TNF-α (pg/mL)	1.89 ± 0.53	4.49 ± 1.27*		2.18 ± 0.59	1.86 ± 0.60
Souglis et al. [2]	CRP (mg/L)
	Attackers	0.93 ± 0.26	1.13 ± 0.27		2.47 ± 0.59*	1.16 ± 0.41	1.03 ± 0.34
	Midfielders	0.91 ± 0.22	1.24 ± 0.31		2.88 ± 1.00*	1.12 ± 0.49	0.99 ± 0.33
	Defenders	0.99 ± 0.24	1.13 ± 0.29		2.27 ± 0.39*	1.12 ± 0.29	1.04 ± 0.26
	IL-6 (pg/mL)
	Attackers	1.16 ± 0.15	3.54 ± 0.25*	1.16 ± 0.15		1.16 ± 0.12	1.16 ± 0.10
	Midfielders	1.15 ± 0.16	3.82 ± 0.22*	1.16 ± 0.17		1.16 ± 0.07	1.16 ± 0.13
	Defenders	1.16 ± 0.18	3.32 ± 0.22*	1.14 ± 0.18		1.17 ± 0.14	1.17 ± 0.12
Tsubakihara et al. [53]	Leukocyte (/mL)	5439 ± 1515	9497 ± 2621*
	Neutrophil (/mL)	2915 ± 1285	7335 ± 2494*
	Lymphocyte (/mL)	2009 ± 446	1631 ± 558*
	Mediators of neuroendocrine regulation
Broodryk et al. [37]	Cortisol (nmoll/L)
	Match 1	9.79 ± 3.37	52.65 ± 21.43*
	Match 2	16.22 ± 7.24	36.12 ± 16.07*
	Match 3	22.95 ± 7.96	30.00 ± 18.97
	Match 4	12.09 ± 3.21	29.69 ± 20.51
	Match 5	7.04 ± 3.67	36.73 ± 10.10*
	Match 6	6.73 ± 4.90	26.93 ± 15.00*
Casanova et al. [3]	Cortisol (mg/dL)
	Match 1—PIP	0.40 ± 0.13	0.42 ± 0.09
	Match 1—GIP	0.55 ± 0.16	0.64 ± 0.48
	Match 2—PIP	0.50 ± 0.13	0.38 ± 0.12*
	Match 2—GIP	0.41 ± 0.11	0.49 ± 0.17
	Match 3—PIP	0.45 ± 0.19	0.45 ± 0.12
	Match 3—GIP	0.42 ± 0.09	0.33 ± 0.01
	Match 4—PIP	0.73 ± 0.18	0.55 ± 0.22
	Match 4—GIP	0.86 ± 0.20	0.60 ± 0.22
	Testosterone (pg/mL)
	Match 1—PIP	51.17 ± 30.52	43.50 ± 21.44
	Match 1—GIP	74.71 ± 29.53	54.71 ± 31.23*
	Match 2—PIP	83.63 ± 38.78	63.14 ± 14.77
	Match 2—GIP	77.60 ± 18.05	61.40 ± 18.60
	Match 3—PIP	68.78 ± 39.86	45.25 ± 22.33*
	Match 3—GIP	72.33 ± 34.27	46.00 ± 14.80
	Match 4—PIP	64.75 ± 35.08	41.25 ± 18.71
	Match 4—GIP	59.63 ± 23.63	47.14 ± 22.79
	T/C
	Match 1—PIP	118.76 ± 66.03	101.26 ± 30.34
	Match 1—GIP	136.86 ± 33.08	93.42 ± 23.39*
	Match 2—PIP	170.32 ± 69.79	155.62 ± 40.92
	Match 2—GIP	193.08 ± 33.71	133.22 ± 48.77
	Match 3—PIP	164.43 ± 73.79	102.86 ± 58.34*
	Match 3—GIP	176.55 ± 97.79	138.32 ± 45.95
	Match 4—PIP	84.45 ± 32.84	79.17 ± 27.53
	Match 4—GIP	71.14 ± 26.04	71.28 ± 28.27
Casanova et al. [38]	Cortisol (mg/dL)
	Match 1	0.48 ± 0.15	0.46 ± 0.12
	Match 2	0.44 ± 0.12	0.39 ± 0.14
	Match 3	0.44 ± 0.15	0.44 ± 0.15
	Match 4	0.83 ± 0.20	0.61 ± 0.22*
	Testosterone (pg/mL)
	Match 1	63.0 ± 29.4	50.30 ± 24.9*
	Match 2	78.1 ± 29.1	57.2 ± 21.1*
	Match 3	67.6 ± 34.5	48.8 ± 22.1*
	Match 4	63.5 ± 28.7	45.6 ± 19.5*
Casto et al. [39]	Cortisol (μg/dL)
	Home-loss, no OC use	0.47 ± 0.20	0.55 ± 0.21
	Home-loss, OC use	0.33 ± 0.12	0.77 ± 0.34
	Away-win, no OC use	0.43 ± 0.30	0.59 ± 0.25
	Away-win, OC use	0.33 ± 0.10	0.69 ± 0.22
	Testosterone (pg/mL)
	Home-loss, no OC use	60.2 ± 15.1	81.2 ± 17.8
	Home-loss, OC use	49.2 ± 10.3	72.7 ± 24.2
	Away-win, no OC use	58.3 ± 20.4	93.0 ± 21.1
	Away-win, OC use	48.5 ± 9.1	71.6 ± 20.6
	Estradiol (pg/mL)
	Home-loss, no OC use	3.71 ± 0.89	3.68 ± 0.70
	Home-loss, OC use	3.92 ± 0.95	4.03 ± 1.10
	Away-win, no OC use	3.27 ± 1.05	3.72 ± 1.00
	Away-win, OC use	3.66 ± 0.75	3.86 ± 0.91
Casto et al. [40]	Cortisol (µg/dL)
	Win	0.36 ± 0.18	0.66 ± 0.23
	Loss	0.38 ± 0.16	0.69 ± 0.31
	Testosterone (pg/mL)
	Win	51.8 ± 13.9	78.7 ± 22.5
	Loss	53.1 ± 12.9	75.7 ± 22.0
Edwards [41]	Cortisol (ug/dL)
	Winning game	0.239 ± 0.143	0.485 ± 0.234*
	Losing game	0.196 ± 0.076	0.451 ± 0.172*
	Testosterone (pg/mL)
	Winning game	18.40 ± 6.14	24.26 ± 7.77*
	Losing game	17.02 ± 5.36	23.46 ± 8.66*
Gravina et al. [42]	Testosterone (ng/mL)	0.57 ± 0.2	0.77 ± 0.3		0.56 ± 0.2
Gravina et al. [42]	Estradiol (ng/mL)	68.8 ± 59	116 ± 102*		101 ± 86
Haneishi et al. [43]	Cortisol (nmol/L)
	Starters	18.0 ± 10.3	53.1 ± 33.9*
	Nonstarters	12.5 ± 13.6	28.8 ± 32.5*
Maya et al. [5]	Cortisol (nmol/L)
	Match 1	10.18 ± 1.54	22.07 ± 7.03*				12.24 ± 4.49
	Match 2	12.24 ± 4.49	16.49 ± 7.70
	Testosterone (nmol/L)
	Match 1	0.27 ± 0.07	0.39 ± 0.14*				0.25 ± 0.36
	Match 2	0.25 ± 0.36	0.36 ± 0.16*
	T/C ratio
	Match 1	0.22 ± 0.08	0.15 ± 0.05*				0.17 ± 0.07
	Match 2	0.17 ± 0.07	0.19 ± 0.08
Oliveira et al. [48]	Cortisol (ng/mL)
	Winners	2.55 ± 0.53	3.12 ± 0.82
	Losers	2.35 ± 0.23	3.00 ± 0.44
	Testosterone (pg/mL)
	Winners	48.2 ± 10.8	92.2 ± 15.9*
	Losers	41.4 ± 6.5	23.4 ± 1.8 *

CK= Creatine kinase; CRP= C-reactive protein; GIP= good individual performance; LDH= lactate dehydrogenase; OC= oral contraceptives; PIP= poor individual performance; T/C= testosterone/cortisol; and *means significantly different from pre. Significant differences were reported by the authors in the original studies. Missing values are data that could not be extracted by software and for which we had no response from the contacted authors. Values are as mean ± standard deviation

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