Table 2 Comparison of bone parameter measurements and results in studies of male and female professional and retired jockeysa
Study (country) | Participants | Assessment method | Bone parameters measured | Results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number (sex) | Age | |||||
Greene et al. [10] (Australia) | 11 (m) and 14 (f) app | 20.1 ± 4.9 | pQCT | Tibial and radial bone variables: trabecular area and density, BMC, TBA, cortical area and density, SSI | Tibia: cortical area (mm2)—66% proximal: 311.4 ± 40.5 Cortical density (g cm2)—66% proximal: 1163.6 ± 38.1 SSI (mm3) 4% distal 1683.3 ± 123.7; 66% proximal 1953.9 ± 326.8 Radius: cortical area (mm2)—66% proximal 81.4 ± 16.7 SSI (mm3) 4% distal 391.9 ± 69.4; 66% proximal 297.3 ± 88.3 | |
Silk et al. [55]b (Australia) | 17 (m) app | 22.3 ± 5.0 (supp) versus 19.3 ± 1.8 (pla) | pQCT and bone markers | 4% distal tibia: trabecular area, content and density, TD, TBA, bone strength index 66% proximal tibia: cortical content, area, density, thickness, TBA SSI tibia, P1NP, CTX | Trabecular density (mg cm2): 241.0 ± 28.1 (supp); 246.8 ± 33.9 (pla) Trabecular area (mm2): 861.1 ± 160.2 (supp); 854.7 ± 126.7 (pla) Cortical density (mg cm2): 1101.5 ± 24.7 (supp); 1113.4 ± 22.1 (pla) Cortical area (mm2): 267.1 ± 29.3 (supp); 263.4 ± 43.8 (pla) SSI tibia (mm3): 2100.5 ± 329.2 (supp); 2140.0 ± 489.6 (pla) | CTX (ng/L): 371.3 ± 201.0 (supp); 380.0 ± 141.1 (pla) P1NP (μg/L): 104.2 ± 46.4 (supp); 108.9 ± 31.6 (pla) |
Waldron-Lynch et al. [56] (Ireland) | 9 (m) flat; 3 (m) NH | 25.5 ± 5.0 | Bone markers | NTx, fDPD, P1NP, bone ALP, OC | NTx (nmol/mmol)c: 99.4 ± 72.6 fDPD (nmol/mmol)c: 6.98 ± 3.27 P1NP (μg/L): 118.8 ± 76.1 Bone ALP (μg/L): 18.8 ± 10.9 OC (μg/L): 20.8 ± 11.3 | |
Dolan et al. [11] (Ireland) | 20 (m) | 25.9 ± 3.3 | DXA and bone markers | BMD: WB WB, LS (L2–4), FN BMAD: LS (L2–4), FN NTx, P1NP | BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.134 ± 0.05 LS: 1.11 ± 0.08 FN: 1.06 ± 0.09 BMAD (g/cm3) LS: 0.137 ± 0.01 FN BMAD: 0.39 ± 0.04 | NTx (nmol L−1): − 0.35 ± 0.88 P1NP (ng mL−1): 88.62 ± 46.69 |
Wilson et al. [3] (UK) | 19 (m) flat; 18 (m) NH | 27.0 ± 5.0 flat; 25.0 ± 5.0 NH | DXA and bone markers | BMD T-score: WB CTx | T-score WB: − 0.87 ± 0.77 flat; − 0.11 ± 1.00 NH | CTx (μg L−1): 0.46 ± 0.21 flat; 0.36 ± 0.14 NH |
Jackson et al. [13] (UK) | 79 (m) and 37 (f) app; 69 (m) con | 18.5 ± 1.9 (m) 19.3 ± 2.0 (f) app; 20.7 ± 2.0 (m) con | DXA | BMD and BMC: LS (L1–L4), FN, TH BMAD: LS (L1–L4), FN Z-score ≤ − 1.0: LS (L1–L4), FN, TH Z-score ≤ − 2.0: LS (L1–L4), FN | BMD (g/cm2) LS: 0.876 ± 0.091 (m); 0.987 ± 0.083 (f) app; 0.969 ± 0.087 con FN: 0.831 ± 0.070 (m); 0.840 ± 0.077 (f) app; 0.935 ± 0.093 con TH: 0.924 ± 0.084 (m) 0.959 ± 0.075 (f) app; 1.017 ± 0.100 con BMAD (g/cm3) LS: 0.114 ± 0.011 (m); 0.132 ± 0.013 (f) app; 0.118 ± 0.011 con FN: 0.155 ± 0.113 (m); 0.176 ± 0.023 (f) app; 0.168 ± 0.023 con Z-score ≤ − 1.0 n [%] LS: 60 [76.0] (m); 6 [16.2] (f) app; 36 [52.2] con FN: 27 [34.2] (m); 3 [8.1] (f) app; 6 [8.7] con TH: 33 [41.8] (m); 1 [2.7] (f) app; 7 [10.1] con Z-score ≤ − 2.0 n [%] LS: 23 [29.1] (m); 1 [2.7] (f) app; 9 [13.0] con FN: 1 [1.3] (m) app | |
Leydon and Wall [20] (New Zealand) | 2 (m) and 9 (f) app; 4 (m) and 5 (f) sen | 20.5 ± 3.8 app; 28.7 ± 5.0 sen | DXA | BMD T-scores: WB, LS, TH | T-scores: WB: − 1.80 ± 0.76 LS: − 0.36 ± 1.0 TH: − 0.54 ± 1.1 | |
Wilson et al. [12] (UK) | 8 (m) and 8 (f) flat | 25.0 ± 5.0 (m); 29.0 ± 8.0 (f) | DXA | BMD: LS, TH BMD Z-score: LS, TH | BMD (g/cm2) LS: 0.90 ± 0.14 (m); 1.02 ± 0.13 (f) TH: 0.89 ± 0.1 (m); 0.87 ± 0.15 (f) Z-score LS: − 1.6 ± 1.3 (m); − 0.3 ± 0.8 (f) TH: − 1.2 ± 1.0 (m); − 0.02 ± 0.8 (f) | |
Wilson et al. [23] (UK) | 17 (m) app; 14(m) sen flat | 19.0 ± 2.0 app; 32.0 ± 7.0 sen | Z-score: LS, TH | Z-score LS: − 1.3 ± 1.4 app; − 1.5 ± 1.0 sen TH: − 0.9 ± 1.1 app; − 0.8 ± 0.7 sen | ||
Hitchens et al. [25] (Australia) | 5 (m and f) app and sen | 28.8 ± 10.1 | DXA | BMD: WB | BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.157 ± 0.07 | |
Warrington et al. [2] (Ireland) | 17 (m) flat; 10 (m) NH | 26.7 ± 7.6 flat; 28.3 ± 5.3 NH | DXA | BMD: WB, LS, TH BMD T-score: WB, LS, TH | BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.05 ± 0.07 flat; 1.21 ± 0.06 NH LS: 1.12 ± 0.11 flat; 1.22 ± 0.15 NH TH: 0.99 ± 0.1 flat; 1.08 ± 0.13 NH T-score WB: − 1.23 ± 0.99 flat; − 0.16 ± 0.82 NH LS: − 0.91 ± 0.84 flat; − 0.3 ± 1.18 NH TH: − 0.67 ± 0.87 flat; − 0.11 ± 1.01 NH | |
Dolan et al. [26] (Ireland) | 14 (m) flat; 16 (m) NH | 25.0 ± 7.0 flat; 24.0 ± 4.0 NH | DXA | BMD, BMC and BA: WB, LS (L2–4), FN BMAD: LS (L2–4), FN | BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.09 ± 0.6 flat; 1.17 ± 0.05 NH LS: 1.10 ± 0.09 flat; 1.15 ± 0.1 NH FN: 1.05 ± 0.07 flat; 1.07 ± 0.11 NH BMAD (g/cm3) LS: 0.14 0.01 flat; 0.14 0.01 NH FN: 0.39 ± 0.04 flat; 0.38 ± 0.05 NH | |
Wilson et al. [29]b (UK) | 10 (m and f) flat and NH | 32.0 ± 6.0 | DXA | Z-score: LS, TH | Z-score LS: − 1.32 ± 0.76 (Pre) TH: − 1.04 ± 1.2 (Pre) | |
O’Reilly et al. [30] (Hong Kong) | 20 (m) flat | 29.3 ± 7.8 | DXA | BMD: forearm, calcaneus T and Z-score: forearm, calcaneus | BMD (g/cm2) Forearm: 0.57 ± 0.07 (left); 0.56 ± 0.06 (right) Calcaneus: 0.46 ± 0.12 (left); 0.51 ± 0.06 (right) Z-score Forearm: 0.02 ± 0.99 (left); − 0.16 ± 1.15 (right) Calcaneus: − 1.43 ± 0.77 (left); − 1.22 ± 0.79 (right) | |
Poon et al. [9] (Hong Kong) | 14 (m) flat | 29.1 ± 6.1 | DXA | BMD: calcaneus, forearm T and Z-score: calcaneus, forearm | BMD (g/cm2) Calcaneus: 0.50 ± 0.06 (left); 0.51 ± 0.07 (right) Forearm: 0.58 ± 0.08 (left); 0.56 ± 0.06 (right) Z-score Calcaneus: − 1.60 ± 0.90 (left); − 1.42 ± 0.94 (right) Forearm: − 0.01 ± 1.06 (left); − 0.22 ± 0.92 (right) | |
Jeon et al. [31] (Korea) | 10 (m) flat | 31.8 ± 3.7 | DXA | BMD: WB BMC T and Z-score: WB | BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.155 ± 0.126 BMC Z-score WB: 0.00 ± 1.35 | |
Dunne et al. [32] (Ireland) | 39 (m) flat; 46 (m) NH | 27.7 ± 5.9 NH; 26.8 ± 9.6 flat | DXA | BMD and BMC: WB, LS (L1–4), FN, TH BMAD: LS (L1–4), FN Z-score ≤ − 1.0: LS (L1–4), FN, TH Z-score ≤ − 2.0: LS (L1–4), FN | BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.115 ± 0.081 flat; 1.244 ± 0.075 NH LS: 1.072 ± 0.113 flat; 1.163 ± 0.109 NH FN: 1.026 ± 0.115 flat; 1.100 ± 0.118 NH TH: 0.985 ± 0.106 flat; 1.057 ± 0.111 NH BMAD (g/cm3) LS: 0.125 ± 0.014 flat; 0.124 ± 0.012 NH FN: 0.389 ± 0.048 flat; 0.395 ± 0.044 NH Z-score ≤ − 1.0 n [%] LS: 23 [59] flat; 14 [30] NH FN: 10 [26] flat; 3 [7] NH TH: 19 [49] flat; 6 [13] NH Z-score ≤ − 2.0 n [%] LS: 8 [21] flat; 3 [7] NH TH: 2 [5] flat; 1 [2] NH | |
Cullen et al. [33] (Ireland) | 28 (m) flat and NH retired | 59.0 ± 6.0 | DXA and bone markers | BMD: WB, LS, PF T-score: WB, LS, PF P1NP, CTx | BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.113 ± 0.142 LS: 1.008 ± 0.163 PF: 0.989 ± 0.154 T-score WB: − 1.1 ± 0.8 LS: − 0.7 ± 1.1 PF: − 0.8 ± 0.9 | CTx: 0.395 ± 0.207 P1NP: 39.66 ± 14.43 |
Mackinnon et al. [34] (UK) | 135 (m) retired 50+ | 64.7 ± 9.9 | Questionnaire | Self-reported osteoporosis | 7.4% of the retired jockeys reported as having osteoporosis compared to 1.6% of the reference population | |