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Table 1 Comparison of body composition and assessment methods in professional and retired jockeysa

From: Body Composition and Bone Health Status of Jockeys: Current Findings, Assessment Methods and Classification Criteria

Study (country)

Participants

Body composition

Assessment method

Number (sex)

Age

Body mass (kg)

Height (cm)

BMI (kg m−2)

Body fat %

Lean mass (kg)

Fat mass (kg)

∑ of 7 (mm)

Leydon and Wall [20] (New Zealand)

6 (m) and 14 (f) flat

23.5 ± 4.3 (m); 24.5 ± 6.7 (f)

52.8 ± 2.4 (m); 49.3 ± 3.4 (f)

162.3 ± 4.4 (m); 156.2 ± 4.0 (f)

20.1 ± 1.5 (m); 20.2 ± 1.5 (f)

11.7 ± 2.9 (m); 23.6 ± 3.8 (f)

–

–

–

DXA

Wilson et al. [12] (UK)

8 (m) and 8 (f) flat

26.0 ± 5.0 (m); 29.0 ± 8.0 (f)

57 ± 2.1 (m); 57.3 ± 3.5 (f)

167.0 ± 4.0 (m); 163.0 ± 5.0 (f)

–

12.5 ± 2.7 (m); 19.5 ± 2.5 (f)

45.7 ± 1.2 (m), 42.0 ± 3.3 (f)

–

–

DXA

Jackson et al. [13] (UK)

79 (m) and 37 (f) app; 69 (m) con

18.5 ± 1.9 (m)

19.3 ± 2.0 (f) app; 20.7 ± 2.0 con (m)

52.9 ± 2.9 (m)

51.6 ± 4.0 (f) app; 63.7 ± 3.6 con (m)

167.0 ± 6.0 (m)

157.0 ± 5.0 (f) app; 176.0 ± 5.0 con (m)

19.0 ± 1.4 (m) 20.8 ± 1.7 (f) app; 20.6 ± 1.3 con

14.6 ± 2.3 (m) 24.4 ± 3.7 (f) app; 15.7 ± 2.7 con

42.5 ± 2.6 (m), 36.4 ± 2.7 (f) app; 50.7 ± 3.1 con (m)

7.6 ± 1.3 (m), 12.4 ± 2.4 (f) app; 9.9 ± 1.7 con (m)

–

DXA

Wilson et al. [21] (UK)

32 (m) app

19.0 ± 1.8

56.0 ± 2.9

169.0 ± 4.7

–

–

45.1 ± 2.6

7.2 ± 1.8

–

DXA

Cullen et al. [22] (Ireland)

18 (m) tra; 8 (m) app

16.0 ± 1.0 tra; 18.0 ± 1.0 app

55.7 ± 5.5 tra; 54.9 ± 2.9 app

167.0 ± 5.0 tra; 169.0 ± 4.0 app

19.9 ± 1.7 tra; 19.2 ± 1.1 app

8.1 ± 1.7 tra 7.4 ± 1.3 app

–

–

45.7 ± 7.5 tra; 42.0 ± 8.0 app

Skinfold thickness

Withers equation

Wilson et al. [23] (UK)

17 (m) app; 14 (m) sen flat

19.0 ± 2.0 app; 32.0 ± 7.0 sen

56.2 ± 2.0 app; 56.4 ± 3.0 sen

170.0 ± 5.0 app; 166.0 ± 5.0 sen

–

13.7 ± 2.6 app; 12.5 ± 1.9 sen

46.4 ± 2.0 app; 45.7 ± 3.1 sen

7.5 ± 1.7 app; 6.8 ± 1.4 sen

–

DXA

Labadarios et al. [24] (South Africa)

93 (m) flat and NH

27.8

52.9

160.9

–

11.0

–

–

–

Skinfold thickness

Warrington et al. [2] (Ireland)

17 (m) flat; 10 (m) NH

26.7 ± 7.6 flat; 28.3 ± 5.3 NH

53.1 ± 4.1 flat; 66.2 ± 2.9 NH

160.0 ± 10.0 flat; 173.0 ± 10.0 NH

19.9 ± 1.3 flat; 22.1 ± 0.8 NH

DXA: 9.0 ± 2.5 flat; 10.4 ± 4.0 NH

SK: 7.9 ± 1.7 flat; 9.9 ± 1.6 NH

–

–

44.3 ± 10.2 flat; 56.1 ± 9.4 NH

DXA and Skinfolds

Thickness

Withers equation

Dolan et al. [1] (Ireland)

17 (m) flat; 10 (m) NH

26.7 ± 7.6 flat; 28.3 ± 5.3NH

53.1 ± 4.1 flat; 66.2 ± 2.9 NH

167.0 ± 10.0 flat; 173.0 ± 10.0 NH

19.9 ± 1.3 flat; 22.1 ± 0.8 NH

9 5 ± 2.5 flat; 10.4 ± 4.0 NH

49.7 ± 6.2 flat and NH

–

–

DXA

Hitchens et al. [25] (Australia)

7 (m) and 1 (f) app + sen

28.8 ± 10.1

55.1 ± 5.9

163.4 ± 7.1

20.6 ± 1.6

14.0 ± 3.5b

–

–

–

DXA

Dolan et al. [11] (Ireland)

20 (m) flat and NH

26.0 ± 3.0

61.1 ± 5.4

170.0 ± 7.0

21.4 ± 1.8

11.4 ± 5.6

52.5 ± 5.2

6.8 ± 3.6

–

DXA

Dolan et al. [26] (Ireland)

14 (m) flat; 16 (m) NH

25.0 ± 7.0 flat; 24.0 ± 4.0 NH

54.6 ± 3.6 flat; 64.3 ± 3.3 NH

165.0 ± 6.0 flat; 172.0 ± 5.0 NH

20.2 ± 1.6 flat; 21.9 ± 1.2 NH

8.3 ± 2.9 flat; 13.8 ± 6.0 NH

49.4 ± 3.8 flat; 53.7 ± 4.3 NH

4.4 ± 1.5 flat; 8.7 ± 3.9 NH

–

DXA

Wilson et al. [27]c (UK)

9 (m) NH

24.0 ± 3.1

63.2 ± 4.7

172.0 ± 5.2

–

11.3 ± 2.2

51.6 ± 3.7

6.9 ± 1.7

–

DXA

Wilson et al. [3] (UK)

19 (m) flat; 18 (m) NH

27.0 ± 5.0 flat; 25.0 ± 5.0 NH

56.1 ± 2.9 flat; 65.3 ± 2.5 NH

167.0 ± 5.0 flat; 175.0 ± 5.0 NH

20.3 ± 1.4 flat; 21.4 ± 1.3 NH

13.0 ± 3.0 flat; 11.5 ± 3.3 NH

–

7.4 ± 1.0 flat; 8.2 ± 2.1 NH

–

DXA

Dolan et al. [28] (Ireland)

4 (m) flat; 5 (m) NH

24.0 ± 7.0 flat and NH

58.2 ± 5.3 flat and NH

168.0 ± 5.0 flat and NH

20.7 ± 1.7 flat and NH

9.0 ± 1.4 flat and NH

–

–

51.1 ± 8.0 flat and NH

Skinfold thickness

Withers equation

Wilson et al. [29]c (UK)

10 (m and f) flat and NH

32.0 ± 6.0

59.2 ± 4.6

167.0 ± 8.0

–

13.1 ± 5.9

47.1 ± 5.3

7.3 ± 3.5

–

DXA

O’Reilly et al. [30] (Hong Kong)

20 (m) flat

29.3 ± 7.8

53.8 ± 3.3

162.0 ± 6.0

20.5 ± 1.5

5.8 ± 2.6

50.8 ± 2.5d

3.2 ± 1.5d

42.9 ± 11.8

Skinfold thickness

D & W equation

Poon et al. [9] (Hong Kong)

14 (m) flat

29.1 ± 6.1

52.8 ± 3.7

161.0 ± 5.0

20.3 ± 1.6

–

–

–

42.4 ± 9.1

Skinfold thickness

J & P equation

Jeon et al. [31] (Korea)

10 (m) flat

31.8 ± 3.7

50.6 ± 1.9

157.5 ± 4.5

20.5 ± 1.4

14.4 ± 2.3

43.3 ± 1.7

7.3 ± 1.2

–

DXA

Dunne et al. [14] (Ireland)

35 (m) flat; 37 (m) NH

27.5 ± 9.6 flat; 27.5 ± 5.4 NH

56.1 ± 3.2 flat; 65.5 ± 3.4 NH

167.2 ± 5.5 flat; 175.6 ± 4.5 NH

–

15.0 flat; 14.6 NH

–

–

44.1 ± 10.2 flate; 47.7 ± 10.5 NHe

DXA and skinfold thickness

Dunne et al. [32] (Ireland)

39 (m) flat; 46 (m) NH

26.8 ± 9.6 flat; 27.7 ± 5.9 NH

55.7 ± 3.2 flat; 65.7 ± 3.2 NH

167.3 ± 5.4 flat; 174.6 ± 4.4 NH

20.0 ± 1.3 flat; 21.6 ± 1.2 NH

14.9 ± 3.0 flat; 15.3 ± 3.4 NH

45.7 ± 3.1 flat; 53.4 ± 3.4 NH

8.0 ± 1.7 flat; 9.6 ± 2.3 NH

–

DXA

Cullen et al. [33] (Ireland)

Retired: 7 (m) flat; 12 (m) NH; 9 (m) dual

61.0 ± 6.0 flat; 59.0 ± 6.0 NH; 58.0 ± 7.0 dual

65.6 ± 11.0 flat; 77.9 ± 11.4 NH; 74.5 ± 7.0 dual

163.0 ± 5.0 flat; 167.0 ± 3.0 NH; 166.0 ± 3.0 dual

24.8 ± 4.0 flat; 28.1 ± 4.1 NH; 27.0 ± 2.7 dual

23.1 ± 6.8 flat; 27.1 ± 6.1 NH; 26.9 ± 7.3 dual

42.5 ± 5.3 flat; 49.5 ± 5.2 NH; 47.9 ± 5.2 dual

14.3 ± 7.0 flat; 20.7 ± 7.4 NH; 19.2 ± 6.2 dual

–

DXA

Mackinnon et al. [34] (UK)

Retired: 209 (m) all; 135 (m) 50+

56.1 ± 14.6 all; 64.7 ± 9.9 50+

–

–

24.5 ± 2.9 all; 25.0 ± 3.0 50+

–

–

–

–

Retired Athletes Questionnaire

  1. Values presented as mean ± SD
  2. f female, m male, NH national hunt, app apprentice, con conditional, sen senior, tra trainee, SK skinfold, dual flat and national hunt riding licence, D & W Durnin & Womersley, J & P Jackson and Pollock, all all jockeys recruited, 50+ jockeys ≥ 50 years of age
  3. aTable is arranged based on sex and racing licence with studies of female jockeys first followed by male apprentice and conditional then senior and retired jockeys
  4. bBased on 5 jockeys
  5. cBaseline measurement of jockeys recruited for study intervention
  6. dEstimated using skinfold prediction equations
  7. eSum of 8 skinfold thickness
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