Study | Subjects | Ambient conditions | Cooling interventions | Exercise protocol | Tlocal | Perceptual outcomes | Thermoregulatory outcomes | Performance outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schlader et al. [12] | 12 males | 35 °C, 48% RH | Face cooling (20 °C air blown at 0.74 m/s) | Fixed RPE = 16 | ↓ Tface | ↓ TS & TD, → RPE | → Tcore & Tsk, → HR & SR | ↑ Total work by 34 kJ (18%) |
Stevens et al. [46] | 9 male runners | 32.5 ± 0.1 °C, 33.9 ± 5.8% RH | Intermittent facial water spray (Twater = 22 °C spraying once per km during the TT [15 sprays in total]) | 5 km TT running | ↓ Tforehead | ↓ TS, → RPE | → HR & Bla & VO2 & VE & RER & SR, ↑ iEMG | ↑ Time by − 36 s (2.4%) |
Schlader et al. [47] | 9 males & 1 female | 24 ± 1 °C, 35 ± 15% RH | Face cooling (placing ice water bag on forehead, eyes & cheeks) | Passive heating | ↓ Tforehead | NA | → HR & CO & SkBF, ↓ BP | NA |
Schlader et al. [48] | 3 females (face-cooling) & 6 females (Sham trials) | 24 ± 1 °C, 35 ± 15% RH | Face cooling (placing ice water bag on forehead, eyes & cheeks) | Supine position | ↓ Tforehead | NA | ↑ BP & FVR, → HR & CO | NA |
Mündel et al. [49] | 10 males | 33 °C, 27 ± 1% RH, fan speed: 0.5 m/s | Face cooling (spraying cold water mist [4 °C] to maintain Tface < 28 °C) | Cycling 40 min at 77–78% VO2max | ↓ Tforehead | → TS, ↓ RPE | ↓ Tcore, ↑ Tsk, ↓ HR & Dyspnea & PRL & Bla, → VO2 & WL & SR & Gluc & PV | NA |
Mündel et al. [50] | 12 males & 4 females | 58 ± 1 °C, 13 ± 3% RH sauna | Face cooling (spraying ice-water mist [4 °C] for 10 s at 5-min intervals) | Passive heating | ↓ Tforehead | ↓ TS | → Tcore, ↓ Tsk, → HR, ↓ PRL | NA |
Armada-da-Silva et al. [51] | 10 males | 35 ± 1 °C, 20% RH | Face cooling (cold water mist using electric fan) | Cycling 14 min at 63% MPO | ↓ Tface | → TD, ↓ RPE | → Tcore & Tsk, → HR & Gluc & Hematocrit, ↓ RPE legs & RPL | NA |
Williams and Kilgour [52] | 5 males | Not mentioned | Face cooling ( cold wind [0 ± 2 °C] from air conditioning unit via insulated tube [0.2 m diameter]) | Supine cycling 30 min at 35% VO2max & 70% VO2max | ↓ Tforehead | NA | → Tcore, ↓ Tsk, → SV & CO & VO2 & VE, ↓ HR, ↑ BP | NA |
Kratzing & Cross [53] | 6 males & 4 females | 46 °C, low RH | Face cooling (cold air jet from tubing towards nose under a face mask) | Cycling 15 min at 25–32 km/h | NA | NA | → HR & BP | NA |
Miyazawa et al. [54] | 10 males | 35 °C, 50% RH | Face cooling (10 s at every 2 intervals or 4-min cooling during exercise (0 °C gel pack) or 10 s at every 2 min(20 °C gel pack) | 65% peak power | ↓ Tface | ↓ RPE | ↓ Tcore, → Tsk, → HR & SR | NA |
Riera et al. [55] | 5 males & 3 females | 29.6 ± 0.6C; 79 ± 10% RH | Face cooling (1.2 °C water or 22 °C water) | Five times 400 m swim | NA | → TS, ↓ TD | → Tcore,→ HR | ↑swimming velocity |