Study | Subjects | Ambient conditions | Cooling interventions | Exercise protocol | Thead | Perceptual outcomes | Thermoregulatory outcomes | Performance outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ansley et al. [16] | 9 males | 27–29 °C, 40–60% RH | Head cooling (3 fans placed at 50 cm from the face and head + a mist of water was sprayed over the head at 30 s intervals) | Cycling TTE at 75% VO2max | ↓ | ↓ RPE | → Tcore, ↓ Tsk, → HR & Bla & Gluc & VO2 & VE, ↓ PRL | ↑ Time by 21 min (51%) |
Levels et al. [37] | 10 cyclists | 30 °C, 50% RH | Head cooling (neoprene-covered silicone cooling cap connected to a cooling machine. Tcoolant = – 9 to – 10 °C) | 15 km TT cycling at 2 W/body mass | NA | → TS & TD & RPE | → Tcore & Tsk, → HR | → Exercise time |
CoeIho et al. [38] | 15 males | 35 °C, 50% RH | Head cooling (cotton cap containing a cold mixture [− 20.2 ± 1.8 °C] of water and alcohol gel, change every 7 min) for 20 min prior to exercise | 5 km TT running | ↓ |  → TS & RPE | ↓ Tcore, → Tsk, → HR & SR | ↑ Time by − 2 min (7%) |
Walters et al. [39] | 22 males | 35 ± 1 °C, 15 ± 3% RH | Head cooling (cooling fluid through tubing and neoprene cap, Twater = 5–10 °C) | Cycling 40 min at 65% VO2max & 7-min recovery, graded exercise test (1 W increased every 2.5 s until exhaustion, cooling removed) | NA | → RPE | → Tcore, → HR & Bla, | ↑ Work load by 13 W (4%) |
Minett et al. [40] | 10 male athletes | 33.0 ± 0.7 °C, 33.3 ± 3.9% RH | Head cooling (ice towel soaked in water [5 ± 0.5 °C] before being placed over the head) | 2 × 35-min exercise spells separated by 15-min recovery | NA | ↓ TS & RPE | → pH & Gluc & HCO3 | ↑ Distance by 43 m (4%) |
Hyde [41] | 7 males & 7 females | 38.5 ± 1.5 °C, 37.5 ± 7.6% RH | Head cooling (cooling cap connected to a cooling machine, T unknown) | Six bouts treadmill exercise (3–4.5 mph at 5% inclination) | NA | NA | → Tcore, → HR | NA |
Desruelle and Candas [42] | 7 males | 36 °C, 29% RH | Head cooling (10 °C air to the hood, 12 m/s) | Cycling 35 min at 90 W | ↓ | NA | → Tcore, ↓ Tsk, → SR | NA |
Watanuki[43] | 6 females | 25 °C, 56% RH | Head cooling (inlet Twater = 15 °C with a flow of 1.2 L/min) | Cycling 25 min at 25% VO2max, & cycling 25 min at 50% VO2max | ↓ | NA | ↓ HR & CO & VO2 | NA |
Katsuura et al. [44] | 10 males | 30 °C | Head cooling (thermoelectric cooled water circulating through tubing, Twater = 15 °C) | Cycling 45 min at 40% VO2max | NA | NA | ↑ Tcore, ↓ SR, → SkBF | NA |
Katsuura et al. [44] | 10 males | 40 °C | Head cooling (thermoelectric cooled water circulating through tubing, Twater = 15 °C) | Passive heating | NA | NA | ↓ Tcore, ↓ HR & VO2 & CO & SkBF | NA |
Greenleaf et al. [45] | 4 males | 40.1 °C, 40% RH | Head cooling (liquid cooling headgear, T unknown) | Cycling 60 min at 45% VO2max | NA | NA | → Tcore, → HR & PP & Osmotic & ES, ↑ PV, ↓ SR | NA |