Table 1 Characteristics of studies that were included
From: Quantifying Collision Frequency and Intensity in Rugby Union and Rugby Sevens: A Systematic Review
Study: author (year) | Number of participants | Male or female | Participant competition level | Age (years): mean ± SD | Height (cm): mean ± SD | Body mass (kg): mean ± SD | Method of data capture | Cohort | Match-play/training or both |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austin et al. (2011) [31] | 20 | NR | Super 14 | Front row forwards: 23 ± 2 | Front row forwards: 183 ± 2 | Front row forwards: 144 ± 4 | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Back row forwards: 26 ± 3 | Back row forwards: 183 ± 4 | Back row forwards: 103 ± 9 | |||||||
Inside backs: 22 ± 1 | Inside backs: 179 ± 6 | Inside backs: 87 ± 3 | |||||||
Outside backs: 24 ± 3 | Outside backs: 182 ± 4 | Outside backs: 100 ± 12 | |||||||
Bradley et al. (2015) [32] | 44 (24 forwards, 20 backs) | NR | Elite | 21–34 | Forwards: 189 ± 0.6 | Forwards: 110.1 ± 6.1 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Training |
Backs: 183 ± 0.5 | Backs: 92.1 ± 7 | ||||||||
Bradley et al. (2017) [33] | NR | NR | Six Nation Championship | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Campbell et al. (2017) [34] | 32 | Male | Premier Grade Club | 24 ± 4 | 177 ± 10 | 88 ± 20 | Microtechnology and video | Rugby union | Both |
Clarke et al. (2015) [35] | 12 National | Female | State and National | National: 22.3 ± 2.5 | National: 167 ± 0.4 | National: 65.8 ± 4.6 | Microtechnology | Sevens | Match-play |
10 State | Sate: 24.4 ± 4.3 | State: 167 ± 0.3 | State: 66.1 ± 7.9 | ||||||
Clarke et al. (2015) [36] | 12 National | Female | State and National | National: 22.3 ± 2.5 | National: 167 ± 0.4 | National: 65.8 ± 4.6 | Microtechnology | Sevens | Match-play |
10 State | Sate: 24.4 ± 4.3 | State: 167 ± 0.3 | State: 66.1 ± 7.9 | ||||||
Clarke et al. (2016) [37] | 12 males | Male and female | International | Male: 24.1 ± 3.2 | Male: 184 ± 0.8 | Male: 92 ± 6.9 | Microtechnology and video | Sevens | Match-play |
12 females | Female: 22.8 ± 3.6 | Female: 169 ± 0.2 | Female: 68.6 ± 4.4 | ||||||
Clarke et al. (2017) [38] | 64 | Male and female | Domestic and International | NR | Senior Male: 181 ± 0.5 | Senior Male: 88.5 ± 10.2 | Microtechnology | Sevens | Match-play |
Elite Male: 184 ± 0.7 | Elite Male: 92 ± 6.9 | ||||||||
Senior Female: 170 ± 0.7 | Senior Female: 70.4 ± 9.3 | ||||||||
Elite Female: 169 ± 0.2 | Elite Female: 68.6 ± 4.4 | ||||||||
Coughlan et al. (2011) [39] | 2 (one forward, one back) | NR | International | 30 | Forward: 198 | Forward: 111.8 | Microtechnology and video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Back: 181 | Back: 94.9 | ||||||||
Cunniffe et al. (2009) [20] | 3 | NR | Elite | 25 ± 3.6 | 193.3 ± 9.7 | 104.6 ± 10.4 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Deutsch et al. (1998) [40] | 24 | Male | Under 19 | 18.4 ± 0.5 | 185 ± 7 | 8.7 ± 9.9 | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Deutsch et al. (2007) [41] | Forwards: 16 | NR | Super 12 | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Backs: 13 | |||||||||
Dubois et al. (2020) [42] | 14 Forwards: 6 Backs: 8 | NR | Professional | 26.9 ± 1.9 | 185 ± 7.9 | 97.6 ± 13.2 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Both |
Duthie et al. (2005) [43] | 47 | NR | Super 12 | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Eaton et al. (2006) [44] | 35 | NR | Professional | 20–34 years | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Fuller et al. (2007) [45] | 645 | NR | English Premiership | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Fuller et al. (2008) [46] | 645 | NR | English Premiership | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Gibson et al. (2015) [47] | 12 | Male | International | 27.8 ± 3.9 | 177.8 ± 5.9 | 81 ± 8.3 | Microtechnology | Sevens | Training |
Grainger et al. (2018) [48] | 38 | NR | English Premiership | 26.4 ± 4.7 | 182.3 ± 30.2 | 100 ± 11 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Hendricks et al. (2013) [49] | NR | NR | Super 14 | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Hendricks et al. (2014) [50] | NR | NR | Super 14 | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Hendricks et al. (2018) [8] | NR | NR | Six Nations and Championship | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Hendricks et al. (2019) [3] | NR | NR | Rugby Sevens World Series | NR | NR | NR | Video | Sevens | Match-play |
Higham et al. (2014) [5] | 196 | Male | International | NR | NR | NR | Video | Sevens | Match-play |
Higham et al. (2016) [51] | 42 | Male | International (World Rugby Sevens World Series and Federation of Oceania Rugby Unions Oceania Sevens Championship) | Forwards: 21.6 ± 2.4 | Forwards: 185 ± 0.5 | Forwards: 95.8 ± 6.7 | Microtechnology | Sevens | Both |
Backs: 21 ± 2.2 | Backs: 181 ± 0.6 | Backs: 86.2 ± 5.6 | |||||||
Jones et al. (2014) [52] | 28 | Male | European Cup | Forwards: 26.7 ± 2.8 | NR | Forwards: 111.6 ± 5.7 | Microtechnology and video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Backs: 23.4 ± 2.6 | Backs: 94.2 ± 7.9 | ||||||||
Jones et al. (2015) [53] | 33 | NR | Professional | 25 ± 4 | NR | 104 ± 10.6 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Lacome et al. (2016) [54] | 375 | Male | International | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Lindsay et al. (2015) [55] | 37 | NR | Super 15 | Front row: 26.6 ± 3.7 | Front row: 186 ± 0.4 | Front row: 112.1 ± 5.1 | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Locks: 23.7 ± 2.1 | Locks: 201 ± 0.5 | Locks: 112.3 ± 3.5 | |||||||
Loose forwards: 27 ± 4.4 | Loose forwards: 188 ± 0.4 | Loose forwards: 106.5 ± 2.3 | |||||||
Inside backs: 27.5 ± 2.7 | Inside backs: 181 ± 0.2 | Inside backs: 92.9 ± 3 | |||||||
Outside backs: 25.8 ± 1.3 | Outside backs: 189 ± 0.5 | Outside backs: 106.3 ± 13.7 | |||||||
Lindsay et al. (2017) [56] | 37 | NR | Professional | 26 ± 3.5 | 186 ± 0.7 | 104.5 ± 9.3 | Microtechnology and video | Rugby union | Match-play |
MacLeod et al. (2018) [25] | 37 | Male | Professional | 27.9 ± 3.6 | 185.4 ± 7 | 103.1 ± 12.1 | Microtechnology and video | Rugby union | Match-play |
McIntosh et al. (2010) [57] | NR | NR | Club Level | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
McLaren et al. (2015) [58] | 28 Forwards: 15 Backs: 13 | Male | Professional | 27 ± 4 | 187 ± 8 | 101 ± 14 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
McLellan et al. (2013) [29] | 5 | Male | Super 15 | Forwards: 23 ± 0.2 | Forwards: 193 ± 6.1 | Forwards: 116 ± 1.4 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Backs: 22.3 ± 1.5 | Backs: 187 ± 1.2 | Backs: 93.7 ± 1.5 | |||||||
Owen et al. (2015) [59] | 33 | Male | Super 14 | 25.2 ± 3.5 | 179.8 ± 33 | 101.2 ± 13.2 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Peeters et al. (2019) [60] | 15 | Male | Elite | 25.8 ± 3.6 | 182 ± 1 | 88.9 ± 13.5 | Video | Sevens | Match-play |
Pollard et al. (2018) [61] | 22 | Male | International | 27 ± 2.9 | 187 ± 7 | 106.1 ± 14.1 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Portillo et al. (2016) [62] | 16 | Female | National | 23 ± 2 | 166 ± 7 | 66 ± 7 | Microtechnology | Sevens | Match-play |
Quarrie et al. (2007) [63] | NR | NR | Bledisloe Cup | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Quarrie et al. (2008) [64] | NR | NR | Professional | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Quarrie et al. (2012) [65] | 763 | NR | National | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Reardon et al. (2017) [24] | 36 | NR | Elite | Forwards: 27.2 ± 3.9 | Forwards: 188 ± 0.8 | Forwards: 111.6 ± 9 | Microtechnology and video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Backs 26.4 ± 5.1 | Backs: 181 ± 0.4 | Backs: 92 ± 7.4 | |||||||
Reardon et al. (2017) [66] | 39 | NR | Elite | 27.2 ± 3.9 | 185 ± 4.3 | 99.2 ± 24.4 | Microtechnology and video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Reyneke et al. (2018) [67] | 15 | Female | International | 24.3 ± 3.9 | 168 ± 7.1 | 67.5 ± 6.3 | Microtechnology and video | Sevens | Match-play |
Roberts et al. (2008) [68] | 29 Forwards: 14 Backs: 15 | NR | English Premiership | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Roberts et al. (2014) [69] | NR | Male | English community level (3–9) | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Ross et al. (2015) [70] | 84 | NR | International and Provincial | NR | NR | NR | Video | Sevens | Match-play |
Ross et al. (2015) [71] | 27 | Male | International | Forwards: 24.4 ± 3.3 | Forwards: 188 ± 4.8 | Forwards: 95.4 ± 6.3 | Video | Sevens | Match-play |
Backs: 23.3 ± 2.9 | Backs: 183 ± 4.2 | Backs: 89.7 ± 5.9 | |||||||
Ross et al. (2016) [72] | NR | NR | IRB Sevens World Series | NR | NR | NR | Video | Sevens | Match-play |
Schoeman et al. (2015) [73] | 15 | NR | Super Rugby | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Smart et al. (2008) [74] | 23 | Male | New Zealand National Provincial Championship | 25 ± 3 | 184 ± 9 | 99.2 ± 10.1 | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Smart et al. (2014) [75] | 510 | NR | Super 14 | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Suarez-Arrones et al. (2012) [76] | 9 | NR | National | 25.9 ± 4 | 181.5 ± 6.2 | 90.8 ± 4.8 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Suarez-Arrones et al. (2013) [77] | 8 | Woman | National | Forwards: 26.6 ± 1.9 | Forwards: 173.8 ± 5.9 | Forwards: 76.8 ± 10.4 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Backs: 27 ± 2.6 | Backs: 170 ± 2.3 | Backs: 68 ± 3.6 | |||||||
Suarez-Arrones et al. (2014) [78] | 10 | Male | National | 27.4 ± 1.6 | 180.4 ± 7.8 | 87.9 ± 11 | Microtechnology and video | Sevens | Match-play |
Takarada (2003) [79] | 14 | NR | Elite | 23–30 | 179.8 ± 1 | 87.4 ± 2.2 | Video | Match-play | |
Takeda et al. (2014) [80] | 20 | Male | Collegiate | 20 ± 0.6 | 174 ± 0.5 | 85.4 ± 2 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Training |
Tee et al. (2015) [81] | 19 | NR | Professional | 26 ± 2 | 186 ± 0.7 | 101.5 ± 12.2 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Tee et al. (2017) [82] | 19 | NR | Professional | 26 ± 2 | 186 ± 0.7 | 101.5 ± 12.2 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Tee et al. (2020) [83] | 19 | NR | Professional | 26 ± 2 | 186 ± 0.7 | 101.5 ± 12.2 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Tierney et al. (2020) [23] | 44 | Guinness PRO14 | 25.7 ± 3.9 | 187.0 ± 7.6 | 102.6 ± 12.0 | Microtechnology and video | Rugby union | Match-play | |
Tierney et al. (2021) [84] | 118 | Male | Elite | 24.7 ± 4.1 | 186.5 ± 7.0 | 101.6 ± 12.2 | Micotechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Tucker et al. (2017) [85] | NR | NR | International and National | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Van Rooyen et al. (2008) [86] | 10 | NR | Professional | 23 ± 3 | 184 ± 8 | 99 ± 15 | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Van Rooyen et al. (2012) [87] | NR | NR | International | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Van Rooyen et al. (2014) [88] | NR | NR | Six Nations | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Vaz et al. (2010) [89] | NR | NR | International Rugby Board competitions and Super 12 | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Vaz et al. (2012) [90] | 40 | NR | Experienced and novice | 21.6 ± 3.6 | 177.7 ± 7.4 | 81.2 ± 10.2 | Microtechnology and video | Rugby union | Training |
Venter et al. (2011) [91] | 17 | Male | Provincial | 18.5 ± 0.5 | 183 ± 6 | 89.8 ± 10.8 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Villarejo et al. (2013) [92] | 626 | NR | Rugby World Cup | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Villarejo et al. (2015) [93] | 736 | Male | Rugby World Cup | NR | NR | NR | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Virr et al. (2014) [94] | 38 | Female | Premier division club level | 24.1 ± 4 | 168.7 ± 6.5 | 73.4 ± 10.9 | Video | Rugby union | Match-play |
Yamamoto et al. (2020) [95] | 298 | Male | Elite | Forwards: 27.9 ± 3.0 | Forwards: 183.1 ± 6.3 | Forwards: 100.3 ± 7.2 | Microtechnology | Rugby union | Match-play |
Backs: 27.7 ± 2.7 | Backs: 173.9 ± 7.8 | Backs: 84.2 ± 11.8 |