Table 5 Theme 5—findings of the studies: other three-dimensional variables of the tackler and/or ball carrier during a tackle task

Kerr et al. [25]

After contact

Skilled (male + female)

Novice (male + female)

Skilled (male + female)

Novice (male + female)

Pre-intervention

Pre-intervention

Post-intervention

Post-intervention

Peak shoulder acceleration (m/s²)

482 ± 155

400 ± 103

381 ± 112

412 ± 114

Collegiate: NS

Tackle 1

Tackle 2

Tackle 3

Collegiate: NS

High school: linear head acceleration increased after video tackling instruction intervention (P=0.03) and decreased with repetition (P=0.01).

Pre-intervention

Pre-intervention

Pre-intervention

Peak head linear acceleration (m/s²) (SEM)

Collegiate

293.2

—

—

High school players

75.1 (6.11)

62.7 (4.49)

60.3 (2.01)

Tackle 4

Tackle 5

Tackle 6

Post-intervention

Post-intervention

Post-intervention

Collegiate

—

—

—

High school players

70.0 (4.76)

64.0 (4.22)

64.7 (4.79)

Tierney et al. [22]

After contact

Linear head acceleration (m/s²)

Angular head acceleration (rad/s²)

↑ angular head acceleration in Upper than Low (P=0.025, d=0.50)

Change in head angular velocity (rad/s)

↑ change in head angular velocity in upper than low (P=0.004, d=0.64)

Contact

Tackler speed (m/s)

Moderate effect of tackler speed (P=0.125, d=0.72)

Ball carrier speed (m/s)

Moderate effect of ball carrier speed (P=0.176, d=0.63)

Tierney and Simms [23]

After contact

Ball carrier change in resultant head linear velocity (m/s)

Ball carrier change in head angular velocity (rad/s)

Seminati et al. [26]

During tackle

Dominant shoulder stationary

Non-dominant shoulder stationary

Dominant shoulder in-motion

Total impact force (kN)

2.93 ± 0.74

2.57 ± 0.57

3.62 ± 0.79

↑ total impact force in dominant shoulder stationary than non-dominant stationary (d±90% CI = 0.53 ± 0.40)

↑ total impact force in dominant shoulder in-motion than dominant stationary (d±90%CI = −0.96 ± 0.44)

Impulse of the total force (s)

0.102 ± 0.012

0.111 ± 0.021

0.095 ± 0.020

↓ impulse of total force in dominant shoulder stationary than non-dominant stationary (d±90%CI = 0.24 ± 0.42)

↓ impulse of total force in dominant shoulder in-motion than dominant stationary (d±90%CI = −0.27 ± 0.29)

Contact time duration (s)

0.102 ± 0.012

0.111 ± 0.021

0.095 ± 0.020

↓ contact time in dominant shoulder stationary than non-dominant stationary (d±90%CI = −0.56 ± 0.36)

↓ contact time in dominant shoulder in-motion than dominant stationary (d±90%CI = 0.47 ± 0.42)

Kawasaki et al. [28]

Contact

Shoulder

Low

Shoulder and opposite leg

Low and opposite leg

Step distance (%)

20.7 (14.5, 26.9)

17.2 (10.7, 23.7)

15.6 (6.4, 24.7)

25.6 (20.3, 30.9)

Shoulder height (%)

43.7 (42.4, 45.1)

34.6 (33.1, 36.0)

43.2 (45.2, 45.3

33.7 (32.3, 35.1)

Tanabe et al. [27]

Before contact

Shoulder (n=23)

Arm (n=38)

Head-in-front (n=4)

Total (n=65)

Run straight n (row%)

32 (84.2)

10 (43.5)

4 (100)

46 (70.8)

↑ arm tackle frequency significantly if the ball carrier changed his course compared to shoulder tackle (odds ratio, 6.9; P<0.001)

Cutting (row%)

6 (15.8)

13 (56.5)

0 (0)

19 (29.2)

Wundersitz et al. [24]

Contact

Tackle bag (n=250)

Bump pad (n=250)

Tackle drill (n=125)

Peak impact acceleration of inertial measurement unit (G) mean, SD

7.24 ± 1.65

4.79 ± 1.58

6.00 ± 1.93