Table 5 Results of the best evidence synthesis concerning non-contact and overuse injuries
Risk factor | Study | Specification of independent variable | Outcome OR/RR (95% CI) | Best evidence synthesis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Presence of association | Level of evidence | ||||
Internal load parameters | |||||
Psychosocial stress and recovery | Brink et al. [28] | General stress Emotional stress Social stress Conflicts/pressure Fatigue Lack of energy Physical complaints Success Social recovery Physical recovery General well-being Sleep quality Disturbed breaks Emotional exhaustion Fitness/injury Being in shape Personal accomplishment Self-efficacy Self-regulation | 1.03 (0.75–1.43) 1.24 (0.85–1.82) 1.07 (0.74–1.53) 0.94 (0.70–1.27) 0.96 (0.70–1.30) 1.07 (0.75–1.52) 1.02 (0.71–1.45) 0.76 (0.55–1.04) 0.94 (0.71–1.26) 0.89 (0.66–1.19) 0.93 (0.68–1.26) 0.86 (0.64–1.16) 1.00 (0.73–1.37) 0.92 (0.69–1.23) 1.46 (1.09–1.96) 0.84 (0.64–1.09) 0.90 (0.68–1.20) 0.97 (0.74–1.27) 0.82 (0.66–1.02) | No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No No No No | Insufficient |
External load parameters | |||||
Total distance | Bacon and Mauger [26] | 2-week cumulative loads | Insufficient Moderate (2-, 3-, 4-week cumulative loads) | ||
TD—normal load TD—low load TD—high load 3-week cumulative loads TD—normal load TD—low load TD—high load 4-week cumulative loads TD—normal load TD—low load TD—high load | (ref.) 1.26 (0.16–9.77) 0.67 (0.40–1.14) (ref.) 0.69 (0.29–1.64) 0.95 (0.44–2.05) (ref.) 0.69 (0.29–1.64) 0.95 (0.44–2.05) | No No No No No No | |||
Bacon and Mauger [26] | TD (low, normal, high) | 0.0029 (0.0029–0.003) | Yes | ||
Bowen et al. [27] | Accumulated 1/2/3/4-week loads | ||||
TD—low TD—moderate-low TD—moderate-high TD—high TD—very high | 0.30/0.61/0.67/1.01 1.45/0.95/0.87/0.77 0.83/1.19/1.08/1.06 1.64/1.37/1.65/1.55 3.04/3.35/2.79/2.30 | Yes/no/no/no No/no/no/no No/no/no/no No/no/no/no No/no/no/no | |||
High speed running | Bacon and Mauger [26] | 2-week cumulative loads | . | Insufficient Conflicting (2-, 4-week cumulative HSD loads) Moderate(3-week HSD loads) | |
HSR—normal load HSR—low load HSR—high load 3-week cumulative loads HSR—normal load HSR—low load HSR—high load 4-week cumulative loads HSR—normal load HSR—low load HSR—high load | (ref.) 0.99 (0.38–2.59) 0.58 (0.33–1.02) (ref.) 0.51 (0.21–1.21) 1.05 (0.54–2.03) (ref.) 0.51 (0.21–1.21) 1.05 (0.54–2.03) | No No No No No No | |||
Bacon and Mauger [26] | HSR (low, normal, high) | 0.065 (0.064–0.067) | Yes | ||
Bowen et al. [27] | Accumulated 1/2/3/4-week loads | ||||
HSD—low HSD—moderately low HSD—moderately high HSD—high HSD—very high | 0.54/0.26/0.68/0.94 1.10/0.95/0.79/0.61 1.73/1.42/1.40/2.14 0.65/1.75/1.42/0.68 0.00/0.00/0.00/0.59 | No/yes/no/no No/no/no/no Yes/no/no/yes No/no/no/no No/no/no/no | |||
Acceleration | Bowen et al. [27] | Accumulated 1/2/3/4-week loads | Insufficient | ||
ACC—low ACC—moderately low ACC—moderately high ACC—high ACC—very high | 0.47/0.60/0.69/0.95 0.77/0.96/0.68/0.72 1.03/1.27/1.29/1.02 2.25/1.10/1.47/1.64 1.31/4.25/5.11/4.25 | No/no/no/no No/no/no/no No/no/no/no Yes/no/no/no No/yes/yes/yes | |||
Duration | Brink et al. [28] | Duration (min) of training sessions and matches | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | No | Insufficient |
Total load | Bowen et al. [27] | Accumulated 1/2/3/4-week loads | Insufficient | ||
TL—low TL—moderately low TL—moderately high TL—high TL—very high | 0.31/0.59/0.55/0.80 1.40/1.17/0.85/1.04 0.79/1.13/1.37/0.94 2.20/1.45/1.41/1.64 0.00/0.00/1.39/1.07 | yes/no/no/no No/no/no/no No/no/no/no Yes/no/no/no No/no/no/no | |||
ACWR | Bowen et al. [27] | Overall/low chronic/high chronic | Insufficient | ||
TD—low TD—moderately low TD—moderately high TD—high TD—very high HSD—low HSD—moderately low HSD—moderately high HSD—high HSD—very high ACC—low ACC—moderately low ACC—moderately high ACC—high ACC—very high TL—low TL—moderately low TL—moderately high TL—high TL—very high | 1.50/0.29/1.19 0.96/1.12/0.62 1.45/1.43/1.53 1.05/1.28/1.51 0.00/–/– 0.60/0.63/1.20 0.88/0.88/0.81 1.33/0.85/2.09 1.39/2.55/0.47 –/–/– 1.22/0.31/1.37 0.81/1.32/0.63 1.52/1.23/1.49 1.41/1.30/1.54 –/–/– 1.20/0.50/0.98 0.84/0.84/0.79 1.87/1.55/1.93 0.87/1.16/0.53 –/–/– | No/no/no No/no/no No/no/no No/no/no No/n.a./n.a. No/no/no No/no/no No/no/yes No/yes/no n.a./n.a./n.a No/no/no No/no/no No/no/no No/no/no n.a./n.a./n.a No/no/no No/no/no Yes/no/no No/no/no n.a./n.a./n.a | |||
Combined internal/external load parameters | |||||
Workload | Brink et al. [28] | Product of the session-RPE and duration | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | No | Insufficient |
Monotony | Brink et al. [28] | Daily mean training load divided by the SD of the daily mean training load over a 1-week period | 0.84 (0.25–2.76) | No | Insufficient |
Strain | Brink et al. [28] | Product of weekly training load and monotony | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | No | Insufficient |