Table 2 Mean and standard deviation values for peak lower limb and ball toss kinematics

Front knee angle (°)

77.3 ± 8.2

68.2 ± 5.7

78.9 ± 9.5

67.7 ± 5.7

66.6 ± 9.6

67.9 ± 8.0

65.9 ± 8.9

69.2 ± 8.8

Back knee angle (°)

73.0 ± 9.6

79.9 ± 10.2

76.2 ± 11.8

79.3 ± 10.8

77.8 ± 8.5

73.1 ± 11.7

75.4 ± 11.2

73.6 ± 14.3

Front hip extension angular velocity (°/s)*

− 186 ± 12.7

− 193.9 ± 76.1

− 198.9 ± 19.4

− 199.2 ± 69.6

− 255.2 ± 54.6

− 214.1 ± 72.3

− 236.3 ± 53.8

− 203.7 ± 66.4

Front knee extension angular velocity (°/s)*

− 452.5 ± 28.8

− 462.4 ± 161.3

− 505.8 ± 37.3

− 507.2 ± 158.2

− 581.9 ± 129.1

− 478.7 ± 98

− 633.5 ± 147.4

− 520.7 ± 121.7

Back hip extension angular velocity (°/s)*

− 175 ± 34.5

− 230.2 ± 84.8

− 173.5 ± 8.9

− 236.3 ± 90.1

− 291.3 ± 68.6

− 240.1 ± 87.9

− 262.7 ± 86

− 231.6 ± 85

Back knee extension angular velocity (°/s)

− 510.1 ± 41.1

− 599.6 ± 149.7

− 510.8 ± 32.8

− 596.8 ± 123.9

− 615.7 ± 107.4

− 557.4 ± 90.4

− 634.1 ± 136

− 568.2 ± 94.9

LHJCL velocity (m/s)*

1.4 ± 0.1

1.4 ± 0.4

1.4 ± 0.1

1.5 ± 0.4

1.6 ± 0.2

1.4 ± 0.2

1.6 ± 0.3

1.5 ± 0.3

RHJCL velocity (m/s)

1.6 ± 0.1

2 ± 0.4

1.8 ± 0.1

2.2 ± 0.4

2 ± 0.2

2 ± 0.2

2.1 ± 0.4

2.2 ± 0.3

Racquet velocity X (m/s)*

32.1 ± 2

37.3 ± 5.3

30.4 ± 1.2

32.8 ± 4.2

34.7 ± 3.2

37.2 ± 5.9

30.3 ± 3.5

31.5 ± 4.9

Racquet velocity Y (m/s)

6.5 ± 1.5

8.3 ± 1.8

8.8 ± 2.1

8.4 ± 2.5

5.6 ± 2.3

6.9 ± 1.9

5.9 ± 2.3

7.7 ± 2

Racquet velocity Z (m/s)*

23.3 ± 1.6

24.7 ± 2.1

22.8 ± 0.9

24.2 ± 2.9

24 ± 3.1

24.3 ± 3.8

22.8 ± 3.3

23 ± 3.7

Toss height (cm)

319 ± 16.0

317.1 ± 33.5

319.1 ± 8.0

315.9 ± 23.0

331.6 ± 20.7

306.5 ± 26.1

332.8 ± 25.2

305.1 ± 25.2

Relative toss height (ratio)^{^}

0.51 ± 0.01

0.55 ± 0.06

0.51 ± 0.01

0.55 ± 0.05

0.48 ± 0.04

0.54 ± 0.06

0.48 ± 0.05

0.55 ± 0.06

Lateral impact position (cm)*

− 24.3 ± 6.0

− 31.1 ± 18.8

− 38.8 ± 11.2

− 44.5 ± 24.1

− 4.5 ± 25.5

− 19.8 ± 21.1

− 25.1 ± 22.0

− 43.0 ± 24.1

Relative lateral impact position (ratio)*

− 0.15 ± 0.04

− 0.18 ± 0.1

− 0.24 ± 0.08

− 0.25 ± 0.13

− 0.03 ± 0.16

− 0.12 ± 0.12

− 0.16 ± 0.13

− 0.26 ± 0.14

Forward impact position (cm)*^{^}

− 38.0 ± 13.6

− 53.2 ± 31.8

− 31.1 ± 11.1

− 42.4 ± 12.2

− 42.8 ± 10.8

− 61.6 ± 11.9

− 23.9 ± 13.7

− 38.1 ± 16.1

Relative forward impact position (ratio)*^{^}

− 0.24 ± 0.09

− 0.3 ± 0.18

− 0.2 ± 0.08

− 0.24 ± 0.06

− 0.27 ± 0.07

− 0.37 ± 0.08

− 0.15 ± 0.09

− 0.23 ± 0.09

Impact height (cm)

243.8 ± 5.8

257.7 ± 18.2

242.0 ± 8.0

257.0 ± 19.5

246.0 ± 11.2

250.9 ± 15.8

246.9 ± 12.5

249.1 ± 16.2

Relative impact height (ratio)

0.66 ± 0.02

0.69 ± 0.06

0.67 ± 0.01

0.68 ± 0.02

0.65 ± 0.02

0.66 ± 0.02

0.65 ± 0.02

0.67 ± 0.03

Drop distance (cm)^{^}

75.2 ± 10.9

59.4 ± 36.4

77.1 ± 3.7

58.9 ± 26.7

85.6 ± 20.8

55.6 ± 24.8

85.9 ± 26.3

56.0 ± 22.0