Table 2 Muscle activity during the separate phases of paddling in surfing

Thorax extension

- Erector spinae

Shoulder flexion

- Pectoralis major

- Triceps brachii

Glenohumeral extension 90° flexion to 10° extension

- Latissimus dorsi

- Mid trapezius

Internal rotation

- Subscapularis

Humeral elevation

- Deltoid

- Supraspinatus

Humeral head stabilisation prevention of superior translation

- Rotator cuff