Table 2 Summary of the chronic responses of redox homeostasis variables in adolescent athletes with an overview of the variables examined, the type of activity and sampling times, and the main findings in relation to each variable

Kabasakalis et al. 2009 [16], swimming

11 adolescent boys and 13 adolescent girls, age 10–11 years

GSH, GSSG, TAC, CAT, TBARS

Swimmers were monitored pre-, after 13 and 23 weeks of regular swimming period

Post 13 weeks, athletes: ↑ GSH, GSH/GSSG, ↓GSSG, ↔TAC, CAT, TBARS. Post 23 weeks: ↑GSH, ↔TAC, CAT, TBARS

LeMoal et al. 2016 [36], soccer

19 elite professional soccer players, age 18.3 ± 0.6 years

SOD, GPx, GSH/GSSG

The variation of antioxidants was monitored in July, September, December, January, and May

Athletes displayed: ↔ SOD, GPx

Sahin et al. 2013 [25], swimming

10 adolescent males, age 12.7 ± 0.4 years, and 19 females, age 12.1 ± 0.3 years

GSH, NO, TAS, SOD, CAT, GPx, TP-SH, PC, TBARS

Athletes were evaluated at the beginning, after 8 and 16 weeks of a regular swimming period

After 16 weeks athletes had: ↑TBARS, PC, NO, SOD, CAT, GSH ↓GPx, ↔TAS

Sopic et al. 2014 [53], soccer

16 soccer players, age 18.1 ± 0.4 yrs.

O₂-, MDA, TAS, TOS, PAB, SH

Athletes were assessed after 45 days of preparation

After 45 days of training athletes displayed: ↓TOS, MDA, ↑SH, ↔TAS, PAB, O₂

Tong et al. 2013 [45], athletics

10 adolescent runners, age 15.5 ± 1.3 years

TBARS, XO, CAT, GSH, SOD, T-AOC

Runners performed a 21-km running race twice; at pre-season and after 1 year of training

At the end season race, athletes displayed post 21-km: ↓TBARS, SOD, ↑XO, CAT, ↔GSH, T-AOC

Vujovic et al. 2013 [54], soccer

12 soccer players, age of 17.3 ± 0.5 years

SOD, SH, O₂, MDA, AOPP

Soccer athletes were measured before and after 12 weeks of endurance soccer training

After 12 weeks athletes had: ↓SOD, ↑O₂, ↔MDA, AOPP, SH

Zalavras et al. 2015 [26], athletics

13 trained (TAD) and 11 untrained (UAD) adolescents, age 14.1 ± 1.1 years and 14.8 ± 0.9 years respectively

TAC, GSH, CAT, TBARS, PC, UA, bilirubin

Athletes were monitored at pre-, post-, and 1 h post of a maximal test at the beginning of the season, after 6 (mid), and after 11 months (post) of training

Athletes had: ↑PC, TBARS, UA, TAC post and 1 h post-test at mid- and post-season (except PC 1 h at mid), ↓GSH post-test at post-season and ↑CAT post at mid- and post- season

Zivkovic et al. 2013 [27], soccer

26 adolescent males, age 12–13 years and 26 age-matched controls

TBARS, NO, O₂^-, H₂O₂, SOD, CAT, GSH

Athletes were monitored pre- and post of a 6-month soccer training

↑TBARS, NO₂, ↑SOD, CAT, ↔O₂^–, H₂O₂, ↓GSH