Table 3 Overview of intervention studies assessing specific COD-training and sprint and the effect upon COD-performance
COD-training | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | Number (n) of subjects and mean age | Level and sport | Week tr./tr per week | Experimental group, Improvement (seconds) | Control group, improvement (seconds) | Improvement, percent (%) | Effect size (ES) | Training intervention, experimental group. (S) series and (R) repetitions per session | COD-test 1) Length (meter) 2) Number of CODs 3) Degrees° of CODs |
Specific COD-training | |||||||||
Teixeira et al. [85] | EG, n = 7 Age: 18.71 ± 1.94 | Women Futsal | 5/2 | Pre: 4.52 ± 0.13 Post: 4.57 ± 0.16 | None | EG: -1.11% | EG, ES = -0.34 | Training with 1 COD (4 × 4) | Shuttle-run 1) 40 m 2) 2 3) 180° |
Teixeira et al. [85] | EG, n = 7 Age: 18.71 ± 1.94 | Women Futsal | 5/2 | Pre: 4.51 ± 0.2 Post: 4.64 ± 0.16 | None | EG: -2.88% | EG, ES = -0.72 | Training with 3 CODs (4 × 4) | Shuttle-run 1) 40 m 2) 2 3) 180° |
Beato et al. [86] | EG, n = 21 Age: 17 ± 0.8 | Men, Jr, Soccer | 6/2 | Pre:4.79 ± 0.13 Post:4.79 ± 0.12 | None | EG: 0% | EG, ES = 0 | COD- training (45°, 90° and 180° change direction) 84 per week | 505-agility test 1) 10 m 2) 1 3) 180° |
Young and Rogers [87] | EG, n = 12. Age: 17.4 ± 0.7 | Australian rules, Football. Men, U-19 | 7/ 1–2 | Pre:8.65 ± 0.45 Post:8.64 ± 0.32 | None | EG: 0.12% | EG, ES = 0.026 | 1–5 COD, under 90°COD, 2–5 m. 4 different exercises per session, 36–48 COD per session | Pre-planned AFL-agility 1) 8 m 2) 1 3) 135 ° |
Milanovic et al. [88] | EG, n = 66 Age = U-19 CG, n = 66 Age = U-19 | Young Men, Soccer, U-19 | 4/ 1–2 | Pre:7.40 ± 0.33 Post:7.29 ± 0.35 | Pre:7.46 ± 0.35 Post:7.49 ± 0.36 | EG: 1.49% CG: -0.40% | EG, ES = 0.32 CG, ES = -0.01 | Total 48 different exercises for specific COD, a variety of intensities | 1) 30 m 2) 4 3) 180 ° |
Chaouachi et al. [89] | EG, n = 12 CG, n = 12 Age:14.2 ± 0.9 | Young Men, elite- Soccer | 6/3 | Pre:7.40 ± 0.56 Post:7.03 ± 0.47 | Pre:7.74 ± 0.32 Post:7.54 ± 0.30 | EG: 5% CG: 2.58% | EG, ES = 0.72 CG, ES = 0.65 | S:1–2, R:2–4, 10 m tripping, 505, T test and repeated sprint | Zig-zag test 1) 20 m 2) 3 3) 100 ° |
Chaalali et al. [90] | EG, n = 11 Age:14.5 ± 0.9 | Young Men, elite- Soccer | 6/2 | Pre:2.42 ± 0.15 Post:2.34 ± 0.11 | Pre:2.52 ± 0.14 Post:2.49 ± 0.09 | EG:3.31% CG:1.19% | EG. ES = 0.61 CG, ES = 0.26 | 2 different CODs each week, with 2–3 completions | 505-agility test 1) 10 m 2) 1 3) 180 ° |
Repeated COD | |||||||||
Chtara et al. [51] | EG, n = 10 CG, n = 10 Age:13.6 ± 0.3 | Men, Jr, Soccer | 7/1 | Pre:7.14 ± 0.18 Post:6.86 ± 0.17 | Pre:7.12 ± 0.22 Post:7.07 ± 0.21 | EG:3.92% CG:0.70% | EG, ES = 1.60 CG, ES = 0.23 | 505, T test, repeated cone-sprint with change direction, S:2, R:2-4 | Zig-zag test 1) 20 m 2) 3 100 ° |
Born et al. [91] | EG, n = 19 Age: 14 ± 0.6 | Young Men, elite- Soccer | 2/3 | Pre:17.8 ± 0.3 Post: 17.3 ± 0.5 | None | EG: 2.81% | EG, ES = 1.25 | Sprint 15 seconds with 180° change direction. S:4,R:5 | Illinois agility-test 1) 60 m 2) 9 4 × 180 ° and 4 × 60 ° |
Born et al. [91] | EG, n = 19 Age: 14 ± 0.6 | Young Men, elite- Soccer | 2/3 | Pre:18.2 ± 0.9 Post:17.8 ± 0.6 | None | EG: 2.2% | EG, ES = 0.53 | Sprint 15 seconds with different change directions S:4, R:5 | Illinois agility-test 1) 60 m 2) 9 1) 4 × 180 ° and 4 × 60° |
Nakamura et al. [92] | EG, n = 10 Age: 14.7 ± 0.5 CG, n = 9 Age:14.9 ± 0.4 | Young Men, Soccer, High VO2- max | 8/2 | Pre: 15.3 ± 1.3 Post:14.6 ± 1.5 | Pre: 16.5 ± 0.3 Post:16.4 ± 0.4 | EG: 4.58% CG: 0.61% | EG, ES = 0.5 CG, ES = 0.29 | S:3, R:10, 18 m repeated sprint with two 90° change direction | 1) 70 m 2) 3 1) 180 ° |
Nakamura et al. [92] | EG, n = 10 Age: 14.4 ± 0.5 CG, n = 9 Age:14.9 ± 0.4 | Young Men, Soccer Low VO2-max | 8/2 | Pre: 16.6 ± 1.4 Post:16.4 ± 1.6 | Pre: 16.5 ± 0.3 Post:16.4 ± 0.4 | EG: 1.20% CG: 0.61% | EG, ES = 0.13 CG, ES = 0.29 | S:3, R:10, 18 m repeated sprint with two 90° change direction | 1) 70 m 2) 3 1) 180 ° |
Taylor et al. [93] | EG, n = 7 Age: 24.1 ± 4.1 | Semi- prof. Men, Soccer | 2/3 | Pre: 15.55 ± 0.48 Post: 15.8 | None | EG:1.94% | EG, ES = 0.52 | Repeated sprint, 10 m + with 180° change direction. S:3–4,R:7 | Illinois agility-test 1) 60 m 2) 9 3) 4 × 180 ° and 4 × 60 ° |
Small-sided games | |||||||||
Bujalance-Moreno et al. [94] | EG, n = 12 Age: 21 ± 5.27 CG, n = 11 Age: 20.66 ± 3.39 | Men Soccer Semi-Prof/ Amateur | 5/2 | Pre: 4.83 ± 0.5 Post: 4.5 ± 0.5 | Pre: 5.2 ± 0.5 Post: 5.27 ± 0.5 | EG: 6.83% CG: -1.35% | EG, ES = 1.32 CG, ES = -0.14 | Small-sided games, 18–23 min per session 2vs2 and 4vs4 | COD ability test 1) 24 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 45 ° and 2 × 90 ° |
Coutinho et al. [95] | EG, n = 9 Age: 14.2 ± 0.8 CG, n = 9 Age: 13.9 ± 0.5 | Men Soccer U15 | 10/2 | Pre: 6.74 ± 0.42 Post: 6.34 ± 0.38 | Pre: 6.55 ± 0.33 Post: 6.41 ± 0.36 | EG: 5.93% CG: 2.14% | EG, ES = 1 CG, ES = 0.41 | Small-sided games. 24 min 1vs1, 3vs3, 6vs6 | Repeated COD 1) 20 m 2) 4 3) 100° |
Coutinho et al. [95] | EG, n = 6 Age: 15.8 ± 0.53 CG, n = 6 Age: 16.1 ± 0.7 | Men Soccer U17 | 10/2 | Pre: 6.45 ± 0.19 Post: 6.12 ± 0.36 | Pre: 6.35 ± 0.36 Post: 6.12 ± 0.19 | EG: 5.12% CG: 3.62% | EG, ES = 1.20 CG, ES = 0.84 | Small-sided games. 24 min 1vs1, 3vs3, 6vs6 | Repeated COD 4) 20 m 5) 4 6) 100 ° |
Paul et al. [96] | Eg, n = 12 Age: 16.2 ± 0.8 | Men Soccer | 4/5 | Right turn: Pre: 4.21 ± 0.1 Post: 4.08 ± 0.2 Left turn: Pre: 4.23 ± 0.2 Post: 4.16 ± 0.1 | None | Right turn: EG: 3.09% Left turn: EG: 1.65% | Right turn: EG, ES = 0.87 Left turn: EG, ES = 0.47 | Small sided games and high intensity training | Modified L-run 1) 20 m 2) 1 3) 90 ° |
Young and Rogers [87] | EG, n = 13 Age: 17.4 ± 0.7 | Australian rules, Football. Men, U-19 | 7/ 1–2 | Pre:8.67 ± 0.29 Post:8.74 ± 0.42 | None | EG: 0.81% | EG, ES = 0.198 | Small-sided game, 4vs4 and 2vs2. 30–45 s | Planned AFL-agility 1) 8 m 2) 1 3) 135 ° |
Chaouachi et al. [89] | EG, n = 12 CG, n = 12 Age:14.2 ± 0.9 | Young Men, elite- Soccer | 6/3 | Pre: 7.40 ± 0.56 Post:7.03 ± 0.47 | Pre:7.74 ± 0.32 Post:7.54 ± 0.30 | EG: 2.47% CG: 2.58% | EG, ES = 0.67 CG, ES = 0.65 | Small sided game, 1vs1 (30 sec), 2vs2(1 min) and 3vs3(2 min) | Zig-zag test 1) 20 m 2) 3 3) 100 ° |
Resisted sprints | |||||||||
de Hoyo et al. [77] | EG, n = 12 Age: 17 ± 1 | Men, Jr elite- level Soccer | 8/2 | Pre: 5.26 ± 0.16 Post:5.28 ± 0.17 | None | EG: -0.38% | EG, ES = -0.12 | Resisted Sprint with 12,6% of athletes BM, 20 m sprint, S:1, R:4 | Zig-zag test 4) 20 m 5) 3 6) 100 ° |
Prieske et al. [72] | EG, n = 10 Age: 23 ± 3 CG, n = 16 Age: 23 ± 3 | Men and Women, University students | 6/3 | Pre:11.03 ± 1.23 Post: 10.65 ± 0.58 | Pre:10.42 ± 0.91 Post: 10.2 ± 0.86 | EG: 3.45% CG: 2.11% | EG: ES = 0.42 CG, ES = 0.25 | Resisted sprint exercises with elastic straps on motorized treadmill. S: 3–4 | T test 1) 40 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90 ° and 2 × 180 ° |
Mathisen and Pettersen [97] | EG, n = 10 Age:15.5 ± 0.7 CG, n = 9 Age: 15.1 ± 0.5 | Young Women, Soccer | 8/1 | Pre:8.23 ± 0.31 Post:7.80 ± 0.33 | Pre: 8.04 ± 0.14 Post: 8.01 ± 0.15 | EG: 5,22% CG: 0,37% | EG, ES = 1,34 CG, ES = 0,21 | Resisted Sprint, over-speed run, sprint with change direction. Total 32 sprints, 15–20 m | Agility course 1) 20 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90 ° and 2 × 180 ° |
Straight forward sprint | |||||||||
Young et al. [98] | EG, n = 13 CG, n = 10 Age: 24.0 ± 5.7 | Volunteer 1-year experience with COD | 6/2 | Pre: 9.51 ± 0.52 Post: 9.51 ± 0.52 | Pre: 9.68 ± 0.67 Post: 9.78 ± 0.66 | EG:0% CG:-1.03% | EG, ES = 0 CG, ES = -0.15 | Straight forward sprint, with varied distances (20 m – 40 m) | 1) 30 m 2) 5 3) 100 ° |
Repeated sprint | |||||||||
Chtara et al. [51] | EG, n = 12 Age:13.6 ± 0.3 CG, n = 10 | Men, Jr, Soccer | 7/1 | Pre:7.15 ± 0.20 Post:6.88 ± 0.14 | Pre:7.12 ± 0.22 Post:7.07 ± 0.21 | EG:3.78% CG:0.70% | EG, ES = 1.59 CG, ES = 0.23 | Repeated sprint with different distances and series, R:2, S:2–4 | Zig-zag test 1) 20 m 2) 3 3) 100 ° |
Taylor et al. [93] | EG, n = 8 Age: 24.1 ± 4.1 | Semi- prof. Men, Soccer | 2/3 | Pre: 15.20 ± 0.52 Post: 15.17 | None | EG: 0.20% | EG, ES = 0.06 | Different numbers of series with repeated sprint, 20 and 30 m S:3–4, R:7 | Illinois agility-test 1) 60 m 2) 9 3) 4 × 180 ° and 4 × 60 ° |