Table 2 Overview of intervention studies assessing training for PAP and strength training and the effect upon COD-performance
Training for PAP and strength training | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | Number (n) of subjects and mean age | Level and sport | Week tr./tr per week | Experimental group, improvement (Seconds) | Control group, improvement (seconds) | Improvement, percent (%) | Effect size (ES) | Training intervention, experimental group. (S) series and (R) repetitions per session | COD-test 1) Length (meter) 2) Number of CODs 3) Degrees° of CODs |
Training for PAP | |||||||||
Hammami et al. [63] | EG, n = 16 Age:16.0 ± 0.5 CG, n = 12 Age:16.8 ± 0.2 | Men, Jr, Soccer | 8/2 | Pre: 8.37 ± 0.21 Post: 7.93 ± 0.26 | Pre: 8.41 ± 0.33 Post: 8.40 ± 0.35 | EG: 5.26% CG: 0.12% | EG, ES = 1.87 CG, ES = 0.03 | Half Squat S: 3–5, R: 3–8, 70–90% of 1RM + 4 different squat jumps. Immediate transition for potentiation effect | 1) 30 m 2) 5 3) 180 ° |
Spineti et al. [64] | EG, n = 10 Age: 18.4 ± 0.4 | Men, Young Soccer | 8/3 | Pre: 6.93 ± 0.15 Post: 6.97 ± 0.2 | None | EG: -0.58% | EG, ES = -0.23 | 5RM high pull power followed by frontal sprint, knee ups plus frontal sprint and Zig zag sprint. Multiple jumps. R:4–6 + 10 jumps. Immediate transition | RSA 1) 40 2) 1 3) 180° |
Hammami et al. [65] | EG, n = 14 Age: 16.6 ± 0.3 CG, n = 14 Age: 16.6 ± 0.3 | Women, Junior, Handball | 10/2 | Pre: 7.21 ± 0.21 Post: 6.84 ± 0.21 | Pre: 7.2 ± 0.34 Post: 7.16 ± 0.35 | EG: 5.13% CG: 0.56% | EG, ES = 1.76 CG, ES = 0.12 | Heavy strength exercises: Half squats, thigh press, isometric half-squat and calf extension followed by different jumps and 10 m sprints.1–2 min rest for potentiation | Modified T test 1) 20 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90 ° and 2 × 180 ° |
Alves et al. [66] | EG, n = 9 CG, n = 6 Age: 17.4 ± 0.6 | Young Men, elite- Soccer | 6/1 | Pre:2.34 ± 0.11 Post:2.31 ± 0.09 | Pre:2.37 ± 0.09 Post:2.39 ± 0.15 | EG:1.28% CG:-0.84% | EG, ES = 0.3 CG, ES = -0.167 | Squat, calf extension, leg extension + high skipping, vertical jump, DJ, S:1, R:1–8 | 505-agility test 1) 10 m 2) 1 3) 180 ° |
Alves et al. [66] | EG, n = 8 CG, n = 6 Age: 17.4 ± 0.6 | Young Men, elite- Soccer | 6/2 | Pre:2.32 ± 0.08 Post:2.32 ± 0.03 | Pre:2.37 ± 0.09 Post:2.39 ± 0.15 | EG:0% CG:-0.84% | EG, ES = 0 CG, ES = -0.167 | Squat, calf extension, leg extension + high skipping, vertical jump, DJ, S:1, R:1–8. Immediate transition for potentiation | 505-agility test 1) 10 m 2) 1 3) 180 ° |
Freitas et al. [67] | EG, n = 9 Age: 21.3 ± 4.3 | Men, Semi-prof, Basketball | 6/2 | Pre: 9.45 ± 0.35 Post: 9.16 ± 0.5 | None | EG: 3.07% | EG, ES = 0.68 | Modified complex training. Half squat and hip trust with optimal loads maximizing power output S: 3–4 R: 3–5. Rest time 2.5 min to enchase potentiation | T test 1) 40 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90 ° and 2 × 180 ° |
Kontochristopoulos et al. [68] | EG, n = 10 CG, n = 10 Age: 15.8 ± 1.2 | Elite male fencers | 8/2 | Pre: 5.22 ± 0.31 Post: 5.08 ± 0.27 | Pre: 5.38 ± 0.36 Post: 5.42 ± 0.47 | EG: 2.68% CG: -0.74% | EG, ES = 0.48CG, ES = -0.1 | Half-squat, tuck jumps, step-lunges S: 3, R: 3–10. 1 min rest interval. | 4-2-2-4 1) 12 m 2) 3 3) 3 × 180 ° |
Arazi [69] | EG, n = 7 Age: 20.6 ± 0.5 | Young Women | 6/2 | Pre: 13.5 ± 1.0 Post: 13.0 ± 0.9 | None | EG: 3.8 % | EG, ES = 0.46 | Half Squat, drop jump, knee extension, multiple jumps, knee flexion, zigzag drill, single leg lunge and lunge jump. S: 3, R: 6 (1–2 min rest) | T test 1) 40 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90° and 2 × 180° |
Eccentric strength training | |||||||||
Núñez et al. [70] | EG, n = 14 Age: 22.8 ± 2.9 | Team, Sport Players | 6/2 | Dom-leg turn: Pre: 2.7 ± 0.11 Post:2.66 ± 0.12 N-Dom leg turn: Pre:2.68 ± 0.12 Post: 2.64 ± 0.14 | None | EG Dom-leg turn: 1.48% EG N-Dom leg turn: 1.49% | EG, ES, Dom-leg turn = 0.35 EG, ES, N-Dom leg turn: 0.31% | Unilateral eccentric overload training. Unilateral lunge on flywheel device. S:4 R.7 | 505 agility test 1) 10 m 2) 1 3) 180 ° |
Núñez et al. [70] | EG, n = 13 Age: 22.6 ± 2.7 | Team, Sport Players | 6/2 | Dom-leg turn: Pre: 2.68 ± 0.15 Post: 2.66 ± 0.14 N-Dom leg turn: Pre:2.65 ± 0.15 Post: 2.65 ± 0.14 | None | EG Dom-leg turn: 0.75% EG N-Dom leg turn: 0% | EG, ES, Dom-leg turn = 0.14 EG, ES, N-Dom leg turn: 0% | Bilateral eccentric overload training. Bilateral half-squat on flywheel device. S:4 R.7 | 505-agility test 1) 10 m 2) 1 3) 180 ° |
Siddle et al. [71] | EG, n = 8 Age: 20.5 ± 1.55 CG, n = 8 | Team, Sport Players | 6/2 | Pre: 4.48 ± 0.12 Post: 4.37 ± 0.11 | Pre: 4.52 ± 0.16 Post: 4.62 ± 0.2 | EG: 2.46% CG: -2.21% | EG, ES = 0.96 EG, ES = -0.56 | Eccentric Nordic hamstring S:2–3 R:5–10 | Sprint with COD 1) 20 m 2) 1 3) 180° |
Strength training—machine exercises | |||||||||
Prieske et al. [72] | EG, n = 8 Age: 23 ± 3 CG, n = 16 Age: 23 ± 2 | Men and Women, Young | 6/3 | Pre: 10.19 ± 0.56 Post: 9.78 ± 0.44 | Pre: 10.42 ± 0.91 Post: 10.2 ± 0.86 | EG: 4.02% CG: 2.11% | EG, ES = 0.82 CG, ES = 0.25 | Power training. Leg press, leg curl, knee extension and calf raise. S:3–5 R:10 | T test 1) 40 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90 ° and 2 × 180 ° |
Strength training—elastic band | |||||||||
Aloui et al. [73] | EG, n = 15 Age: 18.3 ± 0.8 CG, n = 15 Age: 18.8 ± 0.8 | Men, Junior, Handball | 8/2 | Pre: 6.18 ± 0.18 Post: 5.7 ± 0.22 | Pre: 6.2 ± 0.2 Post: 6.03 ± 0.24 | EG: 7.4 % CG: 2.7% | EG, ES = 2.4 CG, ES = 0.8 | Different elastic bands with knee and hip extensions. S: 3 R:12–15 | Modified T test 1) 20 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90 ° and 2 × 180 ° |
Strength training—Olympic lifts | |||||||||
Keller et al. [42] | EG, n = 12 Age: 14. ± 0.8 | Men, Young, Handball | 4/2 | Pre: 5.5 ± 0.6 Post: 5 ± 0.3 | None | EG: 9.09% | EG, ES = 1.1 | Explosive strength. High pull, power clean. | Modified T test 1) 18 2) 4 3) 2 × 90° and 2 × 180° |
İnce [74] | EG, n = 17 Age: 15.63 ± 1.3 CG, n = 17 Age: 15.23 ± 1.83 | Women, Volleyball Students | 6/2 | Pre: 11.92 ± 0.87 Post: 11.62 ± 0.61 | Pre: 12.7 ± 1.04 Post: 12.71 ± 0.92 | EG: 2.52% CG: -0.08% | EG, ES = 0.41 CG, ES = -0.01 | Olympic weight lifting. Hang split snatch, hang split clean and split jerk S:3–5 R:5 | T test 1) 40 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90 ° and 2 × 180 ° |
Strength training—squat | |||||||||
Hammami et al. [63] | EG, n = 16 Age: 16.2 ± 0.6 CG, n = 12 Age:16.8 ± 0.2 | Men, Jr, Soccer | 8/2 | Pre: 8.38 ± 0.06 Post: 8.09 ± 0.12 | Pre: 8.41 ± 0.33 Post: 8.40 ± 0.35 | EG: 3.46% CG: 0.12% | EG, ES = 3.22 CG, ES = 0.03 | Half Squat S:3–5, R:3–8, 70–90% of 1RM | 1) 30 m 2) 5 3) 180 ° |
Keller et al. [42] | EG, n = 9 Age: 14 ± 0.8 | Men, Young, Handball | 4/2 | Pre: 5.5 ± 0.3 Post: 4.8 ± 0.6 | None | EG: 12.73% | EG, ES = 1.6 | Maximal strength. Squat, deadlift. S:4–6 R: 4–10 | Modified T test 1) 18 2) 4 3) 2 × 90° and 2 × 180° |
van den Tillaar et al. [52] | EG, n = 13 Age: 13.8 ± 0.5 | Men and women, Young, handball | 6/2 | Pre:6.78 ± 0.67 Post:6,3 | None | EG:7.08% | EG, ES = 0.72 | Squat, S: 3,R: 6 | 1) 20 m 2) 5 3) 4 × 135 ° and 1 × 90 ° |
Spineti et al. [64] | EG, n = 12 Age: 18.4 ± 0.4 | Men, Young, Elite Soccer | 8/3 | Pre:7.11 ± 0.19 Post: 7.04 ± 0.27 | None | EG: 0.98% | EG, ES = 0.30 | Squat in smith machine, deadlifts, knee extension and flexion, Nordic hamstring, hip adduction and abduction. S:2–4 R:4–15 | RSA 1) 40 m 2) 1 3) 180° |
Freitas et al. [67] | EG, n = 9 Age: 21.3 ± 4.3 | Men, Semi-prof, Basketball | 6/2 | Pre: 9.71 ± 0.67 Post: 9.46 ± 0.3 | None | EG: 2.57% | EG, ES = 0.52 | Optimal load training. Half squat and hip trust. S: 3–4 R: 3–8 | T test 1) 40 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90 ° and 2 × 180 ° |
Barbalho et al. [75] | EG, n = 11 Age: 18.8 ± 0.8 CG, n = 12 Age: 19.1 ± 0.9 | Men, Young. Soccer | 15/3 | Pre: 11.5 ± 0.6 Post: 11.7 ± 0.6 | Pre: 11.6 ± 0.6 Post: 12.1 ± 0.8 | EG: -1.74% CG: -4.31% | EG, ES = -0.33 CG, ES = -0.71 | Leg press, squat, leg curl, calf raise. R:4–15 S:2–3 | T test 1) 40 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90 ° and 2 × 180 ° |
Chatzinikolaou et al. [76] | EG: n = 12 Age: 14.3 ± 0.7 CG, n = 10 Age: 14.1 ± 0.6 | Men, Young Soccer | 5/4 | Left turn: Pre: 8.32 ± 0.33 Post: 8.25 ± 0.33 Right turn: Pre: 8.24 ± 0.37 Post: 8.12 ± 0.37 | Left turn: Pre: 8.58 ± 0.33 Post: 8.62 ± 0.36 Right turn: Pre: 8.49 ± 0.35 Post: 8.53 ± 0.34 | Left turn: EG: 0.84% CG: -0.47% Right turn: EG: 1.46% CG: -0.47% | Left turn: EG, ES = 0.21 CG, ES = -0.12 Right turn: EG, ES = 0.32 CG, ES = -0.12 | Squat, Romanian deadlift, lounges, barbell cleans, kettlebell snatch, box jumps, step ups, 1 leg Romanian deadlift, power bag jerks. S:2–3. R: 6–14. | Arrowhead Test 1) 37.1 m 2) 3 3) 150° × 2 and 110° |
de Hoyo et al. [77] | EG, n = 11 Age: 18 ± 1 | Men, Jr, Soccer, elite- level | 8/2 | Pre: 4.99 ± 0.10 Post:4.97 ± 0.14 | None | EG:0.40% | EG, ES = 0.167 | Squat S: 2–3, R: 4–8 | Zig-zag test 1) 20 m 2) 3 3) 100 ° |
Torres-Torrelo et al. [78] | EG, n = 12 Age:23.8 ± 2.4 CG, n = 10 Age: 24.7 ± 4.7 | Men, Futsal | 6/2 | Pre:8.03 ± 0.29 Post:7.88 ± 0.27 | Pre:7.83 ± 0.31 Post:7.96 ± 0.35 | EG:1.87% CG: -1.66% | EG, ES = 0.54 CG, ES = -0.39 | Squat (45%–48% of 1RM) S: 2–3, R: 4–6 | V-Cut test 1) 25 m 2) 4 3) 45 ° |
Negra et al. [79] | EG, n = 13 Age:12.80 ± 0.25 CG: n = 11 Age:12.74 ± 0.26 | Young Men, Fotall | 12/2 | Pre: 11.51 ± 0.50 Post:10.92 ± ±0.38 | Pre: 11.73 ± 0.59 Post:11.54 ± 0.54 | EG: 5.13% CG: 1.62% | EG, ES = 1.34 CG, ES = 0.34 | Half-squat S: 4, S: 8–12, core exercises, leg-extensor and flexor exercises. | T test 4) 40 m 5) 4 6) 2 × 90 ° and 2 × 180 ° |
Negra et al. [79] | EG, n = 14 Age: 16.1 ± 0.5 CG, n = 14 Age: 15.8 ± 0.2 | Men, Jr, Soccer | 8/2 | Pre:6.25 ± 0.26 Post:5.83 ± 0.47 | Pre: 6.15 ± 0.25 Post: 6.21 ± 0.24 | EG:6.72% CG: -0.98% | E, ES = 1.15 K, ES = -0.24 | Squat (70%-90% of 1RM), S:3-5, R:3-8 | Modified T-test 1) 20 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90 ° and 2 × 180 ° |
Hammami et al. [80] | EG: n = 19 Age: 16.2 ± 0.6 CG n = 12 Age: 15.2 ± 0.2 | Men, Junior Soccer | 8/2 | Pre: 8.39 ± 0.07 Post: 8.16 ± 0.13 | Pre: 8.33 ± 0.29 Post: 8.38 ± 0.35 | EG: 2.74% CG: -0.60% | EG, ES = 2.30 CG, ES = -0.60 | Half squats S:3-5 R: 3-8 (70-90% of 1RM) | S180° 1) 30 m 2) 4 3) 180° |
Panagoulis et al. [81] | EG, n = 14 Age: 12.4 ± 0.57 CG, n = 14 Age: 12.2 ± 0.5 | Men, Young, Soccer | 8/3 | Right turn: Pre: 17.76 ± 0.4 Post: 17.3 ± 0.5 Left turn: Pre: 18 ± 0.4 Post: 17.4 ± 0.5 | Right turn: Pre: 18.4 ± 1.3 Post: 18.4 ± 0.8 Left turn: Pre: 18.3 ± 0.6 Post: 18.7 ± 0.5 | Right turn: EG: 2.59% CG: 0.00% Left turn: EG: 3.33% CG: -2.19% | Right turn: EG, ES = 1.02 CG, ES = 0.00 Left turn: EG, ES = 1.33 CG, ES = -0.73 | Body mass squat, Nordic hamstring, Body mass RDL, Single leg RDL, squat and side lunges, good mornings, Bulgarian squats. S:1–3 R: 5–8 | Arrowhead Test 1) 37.1 m 2) 3 3) 150° × 2 and 110° |
Arazi [69] | EG, n = 7 Age: 20.7 ± 1.1 | Young Women | 6/2 | Pre: 13.9 ± 0.8 Post: 13.2 ± 0.2 | None | EG: 6.4% | EG, ES = 0.97 | Half squat, knee extension, knee flexion, single leg lunge. S: 3, R: 6 | T test 1) 40 m 2) 4 3) 2 × 90° and 2 × 180° |
Gonzalo-Skok et al. [82] | EG, n = 19 Age: 20.2 ± 1.1 | Male team-sports players | 8/2 | Pre: 9.08 ± 0.37 Post: 8.94 ± 0.31 |  | EG: 1.54% | EG, ES = 0.41 | Bilateral vertical strength training. Squats: S: 6, R: 6–10 | Average time to complete a 180° COD from 10 m, 20 m and 25 m with both a left and right turn |
Speirs et al. [83] | EG, n = 9Age: 18.1 ± 0.5 | Male rugby players |  | Pre: 4.61 ± 0.11 Post: 4.53 ± 0.07 |  | EG: 1.74% | EG, ES = 0.89 | Unilateral strength training. S: 4, R: 3–6. Split-squat. | Pro-agility shuttle run 1) 18.2 m 2) 3 3) 2 × 90 ° and 1 × 180 ° |
Speirs et al. [83] | EG, n = 9Age: 18.1 ± 0.5 | Male rugby players |  | Pre: 4.71 ± 0.15 Post: 4.64 ± 0.14 |  | EG: 1.49% | EG, ES = 0.48 | Bilateral strength training. S: 4, R: 3–6. Bilateral back-squat. | Pro-agility shuttle run 1) 18.2 m 2) 3 3) 2 × 90 ° and 1 × 180 ° |
Tous-Fajardo et al. [84] | EG, n = 12 Age: 17 ± 0.5 | Men, Young Soccer | 11/1 | Pre: 7.09 ± 0.31 Post: 6.7 ± 0.29 | None | EG: 5.50% | EG, ES = 1.30 | Eccentric overload and vibratory training. Backward lunges, isoinertial hamstring kicks, lateral squats, unilateral squats. 6–10reps | V-Cut 1) 25 m 2) 4 3) 45° |