Table 4 Professional athletes’ awareness of PPE use
Study | Awareness measured | Sports | Sex | Mean age (years) | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ma [42] | Mouthguard | Basketball | M | Not indicated | Awareness was high (80.1%), but the usage rate was low. |
Azodo et al. [29] | Mouthguard | Basketball | M/F | 23.1 | There was a high prevalence of orofacial injuries and a low awareness of mouthguard use. |
Berry et al. [30] | Mouthguard | Hockey | Not indicated | 21.0 | 13.3% of players wore mouthguards most of the time during games; 3.8% wore mouthguards most of the time during practices. |
Onyeaso and Adegbesan [48] | Mouthguard | Soccer, judo, boxing, hockey | M/F | 38.1 | 81.0% coaches believed mouthguard should be worn at all times – during practice sessions and competitions; 19.0% coaches would prefer the use only during competitions. |
Kuhl et al. [40] | ASTM/SEI-approved helmet | Equestrian | M/F | Not indicated | 58.0% of riders strongly agreed on the use of helmets when jumping. |
Tiwari et al. [57] | Mouthguard | Wrestling, karate judo, boxing, Wushu, fencing, taekwondo, hockey, canoeing and kayaking, rowing, sailing, horse riding, shooting | M/F | Not indicated | 51.5% athletes were aware of mouthguards, but only 21.0% wore them. |
Tulunoglu and Oezbek [58] | Mouthguard | Boxing, taekwondo | M/F | Not indicated | 83.2% of participants knew the importance of using mouthguards. |