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Table 3 Clinical studies: failure rate and a brief conclusion per study

From: A Narrative Review of Four Different New Techniques in Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair: “Back to the Future” or Another Trend?

Study

Technique

Failures

Brief conclusion

Bieri et al. [31]

DIS

5 DIS and 4 ACLR revisions due to traumatic re-injuries and one DIS revision due to chronic instability.

Acceptable treatment option for ACL rupture

Büchler et al. [38]

DIS

Three re-ruptures during the first postoperative year.

Low re-rupture rate, satisfactory functional recovery.

Eggli et al. [39]

DIS

Two re-ruptures at 5 months and 4.2 years after surgery.

Excellent outcomes and satisfaction of patients.

Evangelopoulos et al. [40]

DIS

Re-rupture with subsequent instability in 6 patients without collagen application, and extension loss in 11 patients.

Additional application of a collagen membrane on ACL superior to solitary DIS.

Kösters et al. [41]

DIS

-One traumatic re-rupture.

-Two removals of the monoblock and arthroscopic arthrolysis due to restricted RoM.

DIS with microfracturing of notch could biomechanically and biologically promote self-healing of a ruptured ACL.

Henle et al. [20]

DIS

Eight re-ruptures of the ACL, 3 mechanical insufficiencies.

DIS with anatomical repositioning and microfracturing, resulted in clinically stable healing.

Murray et al. [32]

BEAR

No differences in effusion or pain, no failures by Lachman examination criteria.

Low rate of adverse reactions.

Smith et al. [33]

Internal brace

None

Satisfactory alternative to ACL reconstruction, where an adequate ACL remnant allows direct repair.

Achtnich et al. [34]

Suture anchors primary ACL repair

The failure rate was 15% in the ACL re-fixation group and 0% in the reconstruction group.

Re-fixation of the ACL is a feasible option in selected patients.

DiFelice et al. [42]

Suture anchors primary ACL repair

None

Short-term clinical success in carefully selected patients with proximal avulsion-type tears and excellent tissue quality.

  1. DIS dynamic intraligamentary stabilization, BEAR bridge-enhanced ACL repair, ACL anterior cruciate ligament, ACLR anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, RoM Range of Motion