Table 2 Studies (n = 11) examining learning effects on motor performance and measures of EMG duration

Hobart et al. [13]

20; 20–30 years

Submaximal effort task: target-oriented underhand ball toss; 1 session; 104 trials/session

Agonist muscle: anterior deltoideus;

Antagonist muscle: posterior deltoideus

Ludwig [27]

12; 18–22 years

Submaximal effort task: target-oriented elbow extension; 1 sessions, 100 trials/session

Agonist muscle: triceps brachii;

Antagonist muscles: biceps brachii

Normand et al. [23]

40; 19–35 years

Maximal effort task: target-oriented (maximum speed) horizontal arm adduction followed by a forearm flexion; 8 sessions, 100 trials/session

Agonist muscles: pectoralis major, biceps brachii

Antagonist muscles: posterior deltoideus, triceps brachii

McGrain [24]

16; college-aged

Submaximal effort task: velocity-constrained (5 mph) knee extension; 1 session, 20 trials/session

Agonist muscles: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis

Engelhorn [9]

16; 21 years

Submaximal effort task: target-oriented horizontal elbow flexion; 2 sessions, 120 trials/session

Agonist muscle: biceps brachii;

Antagonist muscle: triceps brachii

Gabriel and Boucher [25]

17; 19–32 years

Submaximal effort task: target-orientated elbow flexion (0° to 75°–90°); 4 sessions, 100 trials/session

Antagonist muscle: triceps brachii

Morrison and Anson [26]

12; 18–25 years

Submaximal effort task: target-orientated dart throwing task; 2 sessions, 80 trials/session

Agonist muscle: triceps brachii;

Antagonist muscles: brachioradialis, biceps brachii

Gabriel and Boucher [6]

18; 26 ± 3 years

Maximal effort task: target-orientated rapid (as fast as possible) elbow flexion (0° to 75°–90°); 4 sessions, 100 trials/session

Agonist muscle: biceps brachii;

Antagonist muscle: triceps brachii

Gabriel [16]

8; 25–30 years

Maximal effort task: target-orientated rapid (as fast as possible) elbow flexion; 4 sessions, 100 trials/session

Agonist muscle: biceps brachii;

Antagonist muscle: triceps brachii

Christou et al. [21]

14; 24 ± 2 years

14; 72 ± 4 years (excluded from data analysis)

Submaximal effort task: target-oriented isometric contractions (abduction of the index finger); 1 session including 5 blocks, 20 trials/block

Agonist muscle: interosseus dorsalis I;

Antagonist muscle: interosseus palmares II

Liang et al. [20]

12; 22–50 years

Maximal effort task: ballistic (maintain maximum velocity) wrist flexion; 10 sessions, 10 trials/session

Agonist muscle: flexor carpi radialis;

Antagonist muscle: extensor carpi radialis