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Table 3 Comparison of the number of significant reliable change rates for each outcome measure among athletes who sustained concussion in the early, mid, and late season

From: Initial symptom presentation after high school football-related concussion varies by time point in a season: an initial investigation

Post-concussion outcome n (%)

Early season

Midseason

Late season

χ 2c

p value

Φ d

Verbal memorya

62 (14.83)

352 (16.94)

26 (26.53)

7.72

0.02

–

Visual memorya

42 (10.04)

280 (13.47)

16 (16.32)

4.58

0.10

–

Visual motor speeda

30 (7.18)

224 (10.78)

16 (16.32)

8.67

0.01

–

Reaction timea

78 (18.66)

440 (21.17)

28 (28.57)

4.79

0.09

–

Total symptom scorea

64 (15.31)

482 (23.20)

36 (36.73)

24.40

< 0.001

0.1

Number of symptoms increasedb

190 (45.45)

1040 (50.05)

62 (63.27)

10.32

0.006

0.06

  1. Italics indicates significant p value based on Bonferroni-corrected alpha levels = 0.008
  2. aPercentages of athletes classified as concussed based on Reliable change indices at the 80% confidence interval level [44]
  3. bIncrease in number and severity of symptoms based on a previously validated cutoff score (2+ symptoms, increased 1+ point) to classify athletes as meaningfully changed from baseline [45]
  4. cχ 2 analyses comparing the proportion of athletes classified as concussed based on Reliable change indices at the 80% confidence interval level [44]
  5. dPhi effect size interpretation values: [df = 2] small = 0.07, medium = 0.21; large = 0.35