Table 2 Biomechanical characteristics of male runners by velocity and different levels of body weight support
|  | 14.5 km·h−1 (4.03 m·s−1) | Difference between 0% BWS ± 90 CL (ES)a | Difference between BWS ± 90 CL (ES)b | 16.1 km·h−1 (4.47 m·s−1) | Difference between 0% BWS ± 90 CL (ES) | Difference between BWS ± 90 CL (ES) | 17.7 km·h−1 (4.92 m·s−1) | Difference between 0% BWS ± 90 CL (ES) | Difference between BWS ± 90 CL (ES) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stride length (m) | |||||||||
 0% BWS | 1.53 ± 0.07 |  |  | 1.66 ± 0.07 |  |  | 1.75 ± 0.06 |  |  |
 10% BWS | 1.57 ± 0.06 | 2.9 ± 2.3 (0.52) |  | 1.70 ± 0.07 | 2.7 ± 1.2 (0.53) |  | 1.77 ± 0.06 | 1.0 ± 0.8 (0.23) |  |
 20% BWS | 1.66 ± 0.06 | 8.5 ± 2.7 (1.46) | 5.4 ± 0.8 (0.94) | 1.74 ± 0.06 | 4.8 ± 1.1 (0.94) | 2.1 ± 0.9 (0.42) | 1.81 ± 0.07 | 3.3 ± 0.4 (0.76) | 2.2 ± 0.9 (0.53) |
 30% BWS | 1.70 ± 0.09 | 11.1 ± 2.0 (1.89) | 2.4 ± 2.1 (0.43) | 1.80 ± 0.09 | 8.5 ± 0.8 (1.63) | 3.5 ± 1.5 (0.69) | 1.87 ± 0.08 | 6.4 ± 0.8 (1.48) | 3.1 ± 0.7 (0.72) |
Stride rate (steps·min−1) | |||||||||
 0% BWS | 179.7 ± 2.8 |  |  | 181.4 ± 3.0 |  |  | 182.6 ± 2.6 |  |  |
 10% BWS | 178.6 ± 2.8 | − 0.6 ± 0.4 (0.35) |  | 179.6 ± 2.8 | − 1.0 ± 0.4 (0.35) |  | 181.4 ± 3.2 | − 0.6 ± 0.4 (0.38) |  |
 20% BWS | 175.7 ± 1.8 | − 2.2 ± 0.9 (1.24) | − 1.6 ± 0.8 (0.89) | 177.9 ± 1.7 | − 2.0 ± 1.0 (1.24) | − 0.9 ± 0.8 (0.89) | 179.7 ± 2.5 | − 1.6 ± 0.5 (0.94) | − 0.9 ± 0.5 (0.56) |
 30% BWS | 172.9 ± 1.4 | − 3.8 ± 1.0 (2.14) | − 1.6 ± 0.6 (0.90) | 174.8 ± 1.9 | − 3.6 ± 1.0 (2.14) | − 1.7 ± 0.5 (0.90) | 177.0 ± 2.1 | − 3.0 ± 0.8 (1.85) | − 1.5 ± 0.5 (0.91) |
Contact time (ms) | |||||||||
 0% BWS | 209.4 ± 7.2 |  |  | 197.7 ± 7.2 |  |  | 184.4 ± 6.8 |  |  |
 10% BWS | 204.9 ± 8.0 | − 2.2 ± 2.0 (0.56) |  | 192.1 ± 7.6 | − 2.8 ± 0.9 (0.68) |  | 179.0 ± 6.5 | − 2.9 ± 0.7 (0.70) |  |
 20% BWS | 197.1 ± 6.9 | − 5.9 ± 1.1 (1.52) | − 3.8 ± 1.2 (0.96) | 185.6 ± 7.2 | − 6.1 ± 1.4 (1.51) | − 3.4 ± 1.8 (0.83) | 172.7 ± 7.7 | − 6.4 ± 1.0 (1.55) | − 3.5 ± 1.1 (0.85) |
 30% BWS | 185.1 ± 8.7 | − 11.6 ± 1.9 (3.12) | − 6.1 ± 1.8 (1.59) | 175.9 ± 9.1 | − 11.1 ± 2.2 (2.80) | − 5.3 ± 1.6 (1.29) | 167.7 ± 7.9 | − 9.1 ± 1.2 (2.25) | − 2.9 ± 0.8 (0.69) |
Flight duration (ms) | |||||||||
 0% BWS | 139.6 ± 12.3 |  |  | 144.6 ± 12.0 |  |  | 155.7 ± 11.6 |  |  |
 10% BWS | 147.9 ± 11.8 | 5.9 ± 1.2 (0.62) |  | 152.4 ± 12.3 | 5.4 ± 0.8 (0.55) |  | 163.3 ± 10.0 | 4.9 ± 3.7 (0.56) |  |
 20% BWS | 167.4 ± 10.6 | 20.1 ± 2.5 (1.96) | 13.4 ± 1.9 (1.35) | 173.1 ± 10.2 | 19.9 ± 3.6 (1.89) | 13.7 ± 3.8 (1.34) | 175.4 ± 12.3 | 12.9 ± 1.3 (1.41) | 7.6 ± 3.6 (0.85) |
 30% BWS | 185.9 ± 10.4 | 33.4 ± 3.0 (3.09) | 11.0 ± 1.5 (1.12) | 189.7 ± 9.7 | 31.5 ± 3.9 (2.85) | 9.6 ± 1.1 (0.95) | 192.7 ± 10.2 | 23.9 ± 2.3 (2.49) | 9.8 ± 1.9 (1.08) |