Table 2 Overview of interventions provided in the included trial-based economic evaluations

Spine

Back

A Barker et al. 2019 [17]

B Barker et al. 2020 [18]

Osteoporotic vertebral fracture

Outpatient, rehabilitation

(i1) Up to 7 sessions over 12 weeks

(i2) up to 7 sessions over 12 weeks, home exercises daily

(c) 1 session

(i1) yes

(i2) yes

(c) –

(i1) 1 h assessment, following sessions 30 min (manual therapy), 15 min (stretches)

(i2) 1 h assessment, following sessions 30 min (exercise therapy), 45 min/day on 3 to 5 days (home exercises)

(c) 1 h

(i1)* manual therapy, home stretching and education

(i2)* individual exercise therapy, home exercises and education

(c)* education by PT

Müller et al. 2019 [71]

Back pain

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 36 sessions over 6 months (week 1–12: 2x/week, week 13–24: 1x/week)

(c) NA

(i) yes

(c) NA

(i) 1 h

(c) NA

(i)* group exercise therapy

(c)* usual physiotherapeutic care

Søgaard et al. 2008 [84]

Lumbar spinal fusion

Outpatient, rehabilitation

(i1) 3 sessions over 8 weeks

(i2) 2x/week over 8 weeks

(c) 1 session

(i1) NA

(i2) NA

(c) –

(i1) 1,5 h

(i2) NA

(c) NA

(i1) group meetings for interpatient exchange of experiences for the promotion of cooping

(i2)* individual exercise therapy

(c)* oral instruction for home exercises

Low back pain

Aboagye et al. 2015 [14]

LBP

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) 2x/week over 6 weeks, afterwards alone at least 2x/week

(i2) over 6 weeks, afterwards biweekly group, and alone at least 2x/week

(c) NA

(i1) NA

(i2) NA

(c) –

(i1) NA

(i2) NA

(c) NA

(i1) group yoga

(i2)* individual + group exercise therapy

(c)* evidence-based self-care advice group by back specialist #

Ankjær-Jensen et al. 1994 [15]

LBP (herniated disc)

Outpatient, rehabilitation

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) partly

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* group exercise therapy~

(c)* usual physiotherapeutic care~

Apeldoorn et al. 2012 [16]

LBP (chronic)

Outpatient, therapy

(i) over 4 weeks minimum, afterwards treatment could change

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* stratified treatment (adjusted Delitto´s classified treatment approach): either direction specific exercises, spinal manipulation or stabilization exercises

(c)* usual physiotherapeutic care

Bello et al. 2015 [21]

LBP (chronic)

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 2x/week over 12 weeks

(c) 2x/week over 12 weeks

(i) yes

(c) yes

(i) 45 min

(c) 45 min

(i)* behavioral graded activity

(c)* individual conventional exercise therapy program

Burton et al. 2004 [26]

LBP (non-specific)

outpatient, therapy

(i1) up to 9 sessions over 12 weeks

(i2) 8 sessions over 12 weeks

(i3) i1 and i2 over six weeks

(c) –

(i1) NA

(i2) NA

(c) –

(i1) NA

(i2) NA

(i3) NA

(c) NA

(i1)* group exercise therapy

(i2)* spinal manipulation

(i3)* group exercise therapy and individual spinal manipulation

(c) usual care in GP

Canaway et al. 2018 [27]

LBP

Outpatient, therapy

(i) min. 2 sessions in total+

(c) NA

(i) yes

(c) NA

(i) initial session of 40 min, following sessions 20–30 min+

(c) NA

(i)* individual behavior changes and exercise therapy

(c)* usual physiotherapeutic care

Carr et al. 2005 [28]

LBP

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 8 sessions over 4 weeks

(c) at the discretion of the physiotherapist

(i) partly

(c) NA

(i) 1 h

(c) NA

(i)* group exercise therapy incl. cognitive behavioral approach

(c)* individual physiotherapy

Cherkin et al. 1998 [29]

LBP

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) up to 8 additional sessions (at the discretion of therapist)

(i2) up to 8 additional sessions (at the discretion of therapist)

(c) –

(i) NA

(c) –

(i1) NA

(i2) NA

(c) –

(i1) chiropractic

(i2)* individual physical therapy (McKenzie)

(c) education by booklet

Critchley et al. 2007 [32]

LBP (acute)

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) up to 8 sessions

(i2) up to 8 sessions

(c) up to 12 sessions

(i1) partly

(i2) partly

(c) partly

(i1) 1,5 h

(i2) 1,5 h

(c) 30 min

(i1)* individual and group spinal stabilization

(i2)* group education: cognitive-behavioral approach and light exercises

(c)* individual physiotherapy

Fritz et al. 2008 [38]

LBP (acute)

Outpatient, therapy

(i) mean: 4.6 sessions over 25.4 days

(c) mean: 5.9 sessions over 29.7 days

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* individual physiotherapy following evidence-based guidelines

(c)* physiotherapy not following evidence-based guidelines

Fritz et al. 2017 [39]

LBP

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 4 sessions over 4 weeks

(c) –

(i) NA

(c) –

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* usual primary care, booklet and early individual physiotherapy

(c) usual primary care, booklet and waiting min. 4 weeks before considering additional treatments #

Hahne et al. 2017 [43]

LBP (chronic)

Inpatient, therapy

(i) 10 sessions over 10 weeks

(c) 2 sessions over 10 weeks

(i) partly

(c) –

(i) 30 min

(c) 30 min

(i)* individual physiotherapy (pathoanatomical, psychosocial, neurophysiological) and education by PT

(c)* guideline-based education by PT and booklet

Herman et al. 2008 [45]

LBP

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 2x/week over 3 months

(c) bi-weekly over 3 months

(i) NA

(c) –

(i) 30 min

(c) 30 min

(i) individual neuropathic care (acupuncture, exercise and dietary advice, relaxation), education by PT and booklet

(c)* standardized education by PT and booklet

Hlobil et al. 2007 [46]

LBP (chronic)

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 2x/week over 3 months or until patient can fully return to previous duties

(c) –

(i) partly

(c) –

(i) 1 h

(c) –

(i)* Graded Activity intervention

(c) usual care in GP

Hurley et al. 2015 [50]

LBP

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) weekly phone contact over 8 weeks

(i2) 1 session 1x/week over 8 weeks

c) NA

(i1) yes

(i2) partly

(c) NA

(i1) NA

(i2) 1 h

(c) NA

(i1)* walking program

(i2)* group exercise therapy

(c)* usual physiotherapeutic care

Johnson et al. 2007 [55]

LBP

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 8 sessions over 6 weeks

(c) –

(i) partly

(c) –

(i) 2 h (group sessions)

(c) –

(i)* cognitive behavorial therapy, group exercise therapy and home exercises

(c) education by booklet

Karjalainen et al. 2003 [57]

LBP

outpatient/inpatient, therapy

(i1) 1 session

(i2) 1 session

(c) –

(i1) partly

(i2) NA

(c) NA

(i1) 1,5 h

(i2) 75 min

(c) –

(i1)* GP visit, light mobilization, graded activity exercises, leaflet

(i2) GP visit, leaflet, visit of the patient’s work site by PT to review how the patient deals with the information given

(c) GP visit, leaflet

Kim et al. 2020 [59]

LBP (chronic)

outpatient, therapy

(i) 6 sessions over 3 weeks

(c) 6 sessions over 3 weeks

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) 20 min

(c) 20 min

(i)* individual physical therapy: ultrasound, electrotherapy, hot pack

(c) massage chair #

A Niemistö et al. 2003 [72]

B Niemistö et al. 2005 [73]

LBP (chronic)

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 4 sessions over 4 weeks

(c) reinforced at 5 month follow up

A

(i) yes

(c) –

B

(i) partly

(c) –

(i) 1 h

(c) –

(i)* individual evaluation, manipulative treatment, exercises and booklet

(c) physician consultation, education by booklet about low back pain, including exercise and coping advice

Rivero-Arias et al. 2006 [77]

LBP (chronic)

Outpatient, therapy

(i) up to 5 sessions

(c) 1 session

(i) NA

(c) –

(i) initial session 1 h, following sessions 30 min

(c) 1 h

(i)* individual physiotherapy and education by booklet

(c)* education by PT and booklet

Smeets et al. 2009 [83]

LBP

Outpatient, therapy

all: 10 weeks intervention

(i1) GA: 1-3x/week, 20 sessions (3 group, 17 individual)

PST: 10 sessions

(i2) PST: 10 sessions

GA: start at 3 weeks, 19 sessions

APT: 3x/week, 30 min bicycle and 75 min strength/endurance training

(c) APT: 3x/week, 30 min bicycle and 75 min strength/endurance training

(i1) partly

(i2) i1 and c combined

(c) yes

(i1) GA: 30 min

PST: 1,5 h

(i2) APT: 1,75 h

PST: 1,5 h

GA: 30 min

(c) 1,75 h

(i1)* group and individual graded activity (GA) with problem solving (PST)

(i2)* c and i1 combined

(c)* group active physical treatment (APT) #

Suni et al. 2018 [87]

LBP (chronic)

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) i2 and i3 combined

(i2) in total: 32 sessions; 2x/week over 8 weeks, followed by 1x/week instructed session and 1x/week home session over 16 weeks

(i3) 4 sessions 1x/week over 4 weeks, followed by 6 sessions every third week for 24 weeks

(i1) yes

(i2) yes

(i3) yes

(c) –

+

(i1) 1,75 h

(i2) 1 h

(i3) 45 min

(i1)* i2 and i3 combined

(i2)* group exercise therapy

(i3) group counseling based on cognitive behavioral learning

(c) wait and see

van der Roer et al. 2008 [93]

LBP

Outpatient, therapy

(i) in total: 46 sessions over 30 weeks including 3 phases,

1. phase—10 individual sessions and 20 group sessions over 3 weeks

2. phase—group sessions 2x/week over 8 weeks

3. phase—decreased frequency of sessions, more home exercises

(c) number of treatment sessions at discretion of the PTs,

on average 9 sessions over 6 weeks

+

(i) yes

(c) yes

(i) individual sessions: 30 min,

group sessions: 1,5 h

(c) NA

(i)* group and individual exercise therapy and education by back school according to behavioral principles

(c)* individual physiotherapy according to the Low Back Pain Guidelines of the Royal Dutch College for Physiotherapy #

Whitehurst et al. 2007 [95]

LBP

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 1 initial session + up to 6 sessions following

(c) 1 initial session + up to 6 sessions following

(i) partly

(c) –

(i) initial session 40 min, following sessions 20 min

(c) initial session 40 min, following sessions 20 min

(i)* manual therapy, individual back-specific exercises, advice

(c)* individual brief pain management based on the biopsychosocial model of care #

Neck

Bosmans et al. 2011 [24]

Neck pain (subacute)

Outpatient, therapy

(i) up to 18 sessions

(c) up to 6 sessions over 6 weeks

(i) partly

(c) NA

(i) 30 min

(c) 30–45 min

(i)* Behavioral Graded Activity

(c)* manual therapy

Korthals-de Bos et al. 2003 [62]

Neck pain

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) up to 6 sessions 1x/week over 6 weeks

(i2) up to 12 sessions 2x/week

(c) –

(i1) partly

(i2) NA

(c) –

(i1) 45 min

(i2) 30 min

(c) –

(i1)* manual therapy

(i2)* individual physiotherapy (exercises, optional massage or partly manual therapy)

(c) usual care in GP

Leininger et al. 2016 [63]

Neck pain (chronic)

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) 4 sessions of education and up to 20 sessions of SMT over 12 weeks

(i2) 4 sessions of education and 20 sessions of SRE over 12 weeks

(c) 4 sessions over 12 weeks

(i) yes

(c) NA

(i1) 1 h

(i2) 1 h

(c) 1 h

(i1)* home exercises and advice (HEA) and spinal manipulative therapy (SMT)

(i2)* HEA and individual supervised rehabilitative exercises (SRE)

(c) home exercise and advice (HEA) #

Lewis et al. 2007 [64]

Neck disorders (non-specific)

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) mean: 5.79 sessions followed by up to 6 sessions over 6 weeks

(i2) mean: 6.63 sessions followed by up to 6 sessions over 6 weeks

(c) mean: 4.49 sessions followed by up to 6 sessions over 6 weeks

(i1) partly

(i2) partly

(c) partly

+

(i1) initial session 40 min, following sessions 20 min

(i2) initial session 40 min, following sessions 20 min

(c) initial session 40 min, following sessions 20 min

(i1)* c and manual therapy

(i2)* c and pulsed shortwave diathermy

c)* individual exercise therapy, advice by PT and booklet (Arthritis Research Campaign's “Pain in the Neck” booklet)

Manca et al. 2006 [68]

Neck pain

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 1–3 sessions

(c) according to individual judgment of PT

(i) –

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) cognitive-behavioral treatment

c)* usual physiotherapeutic care (electrotherapy, manual therapy, advice, acupuncture, other treatments)

Van Dongen et al. 2016 [94]

Neck pain (subacute and chronic)

Outpatient, therapy

(i) up to 6 sessions 1x/week or bi-weekly, determined by PT

(c) up to 9 sessions up to 2x/week

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) 30 min—1 h

(c) 30 min

(i)* Manual Therapy according to the Utrecht school

c)* individual physiotherapy, with at least 20 min of active exercises #

Others/mixed

Denninger et al. 2018 [34]

Back or neck pain

Outpatient, therapy

(i) mean: 7 sessions

(c) mean: 8 sessions

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* individual initial contact by direct access to a PT (back and neck program) and following physical therapy

(c) initial contact by traditional medical referral #

Manca et al. 2007 [67]

Back or neck pain

Outpatient, therapy

(i) mean: 3,1 sessions (SD:2,5), range: 0 to 7+

(c) mean: 4,15 sessions (SD:2,8), range: 0 to 7+

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) individual Solution Finding Approach

c)* individual McKenzie therapy #

A Skargren et al. 1997 [82]

B Skargren et al. 1998 [81]

Back or neck pain

Outpatient, therapy

(i) mean: 6 sessions

(c) mean: 5 sessions

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* physiotherapy (manipulation, mobilization, traction, soft tissue treatment, McKenzie treatment, TENS, acupuncture, relaxation training, training program)

(c) chiropractic (manipulation, mobilization, traction, soft tissue treatment)

Upper Limb

Bergman et al. 2010 [23]

Shoulder complaints

Outpatient, therapy

(i) up to 6 sessions over 12 weeks

(c) –

(i) yes

(c) –

(i) NA

(c) –

(i)* manual therapy (manipulative and mobilization of the cervicothoracic spine and adjacent ribs)

(c) usual care in GP

Commbes et al. 2016 [30]

Epicondylitis lateralis

[> 6 weeks duration]

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) 8 sessions over 8 weeks (physiotherapy)

(i2) 8 sessions over 8 weeks (physiotherapy)

(c1) 1 session

(c2) 1 session

(i1) yes

(i2) yes

(c1) yes

(c2) yes

(i1) 30 min

(i2) 30 min

(c1) –

(c2) –

(i1)* saline injection (placebo) followed by physiotherapy (manual therapy, exercise, home exercises)

(i2) corticosteroid injection followed by physiotherapy (manual therapy, exercise, home exercises)

c1) saline injection (placebo) #

c2) corticosteroid injection #

Fernandez-de-Las-penjas et al. 2019 [37]

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 3 sessions 1x/week

(c) –

(i) yes

(c) –

(i) 30 min

(c) –

(i)* manual therapy and education for exercises

(c) open or endoscopic surgery and education for exercises

Geraets et al. 2006 [41]

Shoulder complaints (chronic)

Outpatient, therapy

(i) up to 18 sessions over 12 weeks

(c) –

(i) yes

(c) –

(i) 1 h

(c) –

(i)* group graded exercise therapy

(c) usual care in GP

Hopewell et al. 2021 [48]

Rotator cuff disorder

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) injection and c

(i2) up to 6 sessions over 16 weeks

(i3) injection and i2

(c) 1 session

(i1) –

(i2) partly

(i2) partly

(c) –

(i1) 1 h

(i2) initial session 1 h, following sessions 20–30 min

(i3) injection and i2

(c) 1 h

(i1) c and corticosteroid injection

(i2)* c and individual exercise therapy

(i3) individual exercise therapy and corticosteroid injection

(c)* best-practice advice by PT, education by booklet and home exercises #

James et al. 2005 [53]

Shoulder pain

Outpatient, therapy

(i) up to 8 sessions over 6 weeks

(c) 1 injection at beginning, if symptoms persisted patients could have 1 additional injection within 4 weeks

(i) NA

(c) –

(i) 20 min

(c) –

(i)* individual ( ~) physiotherapy

(c) corticosteroid injection into subacromial space #

Korthals-de Bos et al. 2004 [61]

Epicondylitis lateralis

Outpatient, therapy

(i) max. 9 sessions 2x/week over 6 weeks

(c1) 1 session

(c2) 1 session

(i) partly

(c1) yes

(c) –

(i) 30 min

(c1) NA

(c2) NA

(i)* physiotherapy (ultrasound, deep friction massage, exercise)

(c1) corticosteroid injections #

(c2) wait-and-see #

Struijs et al. 2006 [86]

Epicondylitis lateralis

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) 9 sessions over 6 weeks

(i2) i1 and c

(c) over 6 weeks

(i1) yes

(i2) yes

(c) –

(i1) 30 min (7,5 min ultrasound, 5–10 min friction)

(i2) i1 and c combined

(c) wearing the brace continuously during the day

(i1)* individual physiotherapy (ultrasound, friction massage, home exercises, if pain subsided)

(i2)* i1 and c

(c) brace, 1 initial PT visit for instruction

Lower limb

Hip

Fusco et al. 2019 [40]

Hip replacement

Inpatient, rehabilitation

(i), (c) 2x/day until hospital discharge, 8 weeks home exercises, 2 weeks after discharge 1 session at home or outpatient

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* individual physiotherapy without 'hip precautions' and home exercises via booklet

(c)* individual physiotherapy with 'hip precautions' and home exercises via booklet

Griffin et al. 2022 [42]

Femoroacetabular Impingement syndrome

Outpatient, therapy

(i) –

(c) 6–10 sessions over 12–24 weeks

(i) –

(c) yes

(i) –

(c) mean: 30 min

(i) hip arthroscopy

c)* best conservative care (personalized hip therapy: education and exercise therapy, sometimes per telephone or e-mail)

Juhakoski et al. 2011 [56]

Hip osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 1 session (education), 12 sessions 1x/week, after that 3x/week home exercise over 2 years, 4 booster sessions 1 year later (exercise)

(c) 1 session (education)

(i) yes

(c) –

(i) 1 h (education), 45 min (exercise)

(c) 1 h (education)

(i)* group exercise therapy and education by physician

(c) usual care in GP and education by physician

Tan et al. 2016 [88]

Hip osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i) max. 12 sessions over the first 3 months, followed by 3 booster sessions at month 5, 6 and 9

(c) –

(i) NA

(c) –

(i) NA

(c) –

(i)* individual ( ~) exercise therapy

(c) usual care in GP

Knee

Barton et al. 2009 [20]

Knee pain

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) dietary intervention: 15 sessions over 24 months (monthly until 6th month, then every other month)

home exercises: daily, 6 sessions with a PT every 4 months over 24 months

(i2) 15 sessions over 24

(i3) daily, 6 sessions with a PT over 24 months

(c) –

(i1) home exercises: partly

(i2) –

(i3) partly

(c) –

(i1) NA

(i2) NA

(i3) NA

(c) –

(i1) individual dietary intervention and quadriceps strengthening home exercises

(i2) individual dietary intervention

(i3)* quadriceps strengthening home exercises with PT visits

(c) education by leaflet

Bennell et al. 2016 [22]

Knee osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 10 sessions over 12 weeks,

home program: 4x/week over 12 weeks, followed by 3x/week over 9 months

(c1) exercise therapy: 10 sessions

home program: 4x/week over 12 weeks, followed by 3x/week over 9 months

(c2) 10 sessions 1x/week

(i) partly

(c1) partly

(c2) –

(i) 70 min

(c1) 25 min (exercise therapy)

(c2) 45 min

(i)* individual education (pain coping) and exercise therapy and home program

(c1)* exercise therapy and home program only

(c2)* individual education (pain coping) by PT #

Eggerding et al. 2021 [35]

ACL tear

Outpatient, rehabilitation

(i) until good functional control was achieved +

(c) according to the recommendations of the Dutch ACL guideline, min. 3 months

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) early ACL reconstruction, within six weeks after randomization, after that referred for individual physical therapy +

(c)* supervised individual physical therapy program, then optional reconstruction+#

Ho-Henriksson et al. 2022 [47]

Knee osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i) mean: 4 individual and two group sessions; 0,3 physician visits

(c) mean: 4 individual and 1,5 group sessions; 1,5 physician visits

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* primary access to individual PT (education, exercise therapy, pain treatment, walking aids) and group treatment (BOA-program: education, exercise therapy)

(c) primary access to physician (education, medical prescription, referrals)

Huang et al. 2012 [49]

Total knee replacement

Outpatient, prehabilitation

(i) daily, over 4 weeks before surgery

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) 40 min/day

(c) NA

(i)* home exercises and education before replacement by PT and booklet

(c) conventional pre-TKA care

A Hurley et al. 2007 [52]

B Hurley et al. 2012 [51]

Knee pain (chronic)

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) 12 sessions 2x/week over 6 weeks

(i2) 12 sessions 2x/week over 6 weeks

(c) –

(i1) partly

(i2) partly

(c) –

(i1) 15–20 min

(i2) 15–20 min

(c) –

(i1)* ESCAPE program (exercise and self-management education)

(i2)* group rehabilitation program

(c) usual primary care

Jessep et al. 2009 [54]

Knee pain (chronic)

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 10 sessions 2x/week over 5 weeks plus booster at 4 month plus home exercises

(c) mean: 4 sessions

(i) partly

(c) NA

(i) approx. 60 min

(c) NA

(i)* adapted ESCAPE program (exercise and self-management education)

(c)* usual care by PT (exercise, advice, electrotherapy, MT)

Kigozi et al. 2018 [58]

Knee osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) 6–8 sessions over 12 weeks

(i2) 4 sessions until week 12, 4–6 follow-ups until sixth month

(c) up to 4 sessions over 12 weeks

(i1) partly

(i2) partly

(c) NA

(i1) NA

(i2) NA

(c) NA

(i1)* individual exercise program

(i2)* targeted exercise adherence

(c)* usual physiotherapeutic care (individual exercise therapy and education by booklet)

Knoop et al. 2023 [60]

Knee osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 3–18 sessions individual over 12 weeks plus 1–3 booster sessions

(c) mean: 10 sessions over 12 weeks

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* stratified exercise therapy

(c)* usual exercise therapy by PT

McCarthy et al. 2004 [69]

Knee osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 1 initial session (education), 2x/week over 8 weeks (exercise)

(c) 1 initial session (education)

(i) yes (exercise)

(c) –

(i) 45 min (exercise)

(c) NA

(i)* c, group exercise therapy and home exercises

(c)* education by PT based on the Research Campaign's information booklet 'Osteoarthritis of the knee' and home exercises #

Mitchell et al. 2005 [70]

Total knee replacement

Outpatient/home, prehabilitation/rehabilitation

(i) min. 3 pre-TKR sessions and up to 6 post-discharge sessions

(c) 1-2x/week (group exercise) and at PT's discretion (individual)

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* individual physiotherapy at home pre- and post-TKA

(c)* individual physiotherapy and group exercise therapy post-TKA only

Pryymachenko et al. 2021 [75]

Knee osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) 12 sessions over 1 year

(i2) 12 sessions over 9 weeks

(i3) 12 sessions over 1 year

(c) over 9 weeks

(i1) partly

(i2) partly

(i3) partly

(c) partly

(i1) NA

(i2) NA

(i3) NA

(c) NA

(i1)* individual exercise therapy and booster session

(i2)* individual exercise therapy and manual therapy

(i3)* individual exercise therapy, manual therapy and booster session

(c)* individual exercise therapy #

Rhon et al. 2022 [76]

Knee osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

+

(i) 8 sessions over 4–6 weeks, additional 3 sessions between 4 and 9th month

(c) 1 session

(i) yes

(c) –

(i) 1 h

(c) –

(i)* physical therapy (exercises, joint mobilization)

(c) glucocorticoid injection

Sevick et al. 2000 (ex) [78]

Knee osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i1), (i2)

month 1–3: 3x/week of 1 h

month 4–6: home exercises of 1 h, bi-weekly contact to PT (4 home visits, 6 telephone calls)

month 7–9: home exercises of 1 h, every 3 weeks contact to PT (telephone calls)

month 10–18: 1x/month contact to PT (telephone calls)

(c)

month 1–3: 3 sessions of 1,5 h

month 4–6: biweekly nurse contact

month 7–18: 1x/month nurse contact

(i1) yes

(i2) yes

(c) –

(i1) and (i2)

month 1–3: 1 h

month 4–6: home exercises of 1 h

month 7–9: home exercises of 1 h

month 10–18: NA

month 1–3: 1,5 h

month 4–6: NA

month 7–18: NA

(i1)* aerobic exercise training (3 months in a group, 15 months homebased individual)

(i2)* resistance exercise (3 months in a group, 15 months homebased individual)

(c)* health education

Sevick et al. 2009 [80]

Knee osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i1) 1 initial visit at home,

months 1–4: monthly 3 group sessions, 1 individual session

months 5–6: biweekly 3 group sessions, 1 individual

months 7+: biweekly telephone call or meeting and newsletter

(i2) 3x/week over 4 months, after 4 month decision: continue at facility, at home or combined

(i3) i1 and i2 combined

(c) months 1–3: monthly meeting

months 4–5: monthly phone contact

months 5+: bimonthly contact

(i1) –

(i2) yes

(i3) i1 and i2 combined

(c) –

(i1) 1 initial visit at home,

months 1–4: NA

months 5–6: NA

months 7+: NA

(i2) 60 min over 4 months

(i3) i1 and i2 combined

(c) months 1–3: 1 h

months 4–5: NA

months 5+: NA

(i1) diet: group and individual

(i2)* group and individual exercise therapy

(i3)* i1 and i2 combined

(c) healthy lifestyle control

Stan et al. 2015 [85]

Knee osteoarthritis

Inpatient, therapy/operation

(i) exercises and following PT session, 2x/day over 5 days before discharging

c1) –

c2) –

(i) NA

c1) –

c2) –

(i) 30 min (exercises)

c1) –

c2) –

(i)* individual rehabilitation program

c1) total knee arthroplasty

c2) total knee arthroplasty following high tibial osteotomy #

Tan et al. 2010 [89]

Patellofemoral pain syndrome

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 9 sessions over 6 weeks

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* individual exercise therapy and home exercises and c-intervention

(c) education by a physician

Van de Graaf et al. 2020 [90]

Meniscal tear

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 16 sessions over 8 weeks, 2x/week home exercises

(c) –

(i) yes

(c) –

(i) 30 min (individual PT)

(c) –

(i)* individual physiotherapy and home exercises

(c) arthroscopic partial meniscectomy and same home exercises as i #

Van der Graaff et al. 2023 [92]

Meniscal tear (traumatic)

Outpatient, rehabilitation

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i) partly

(i) NA

(c) –

(i)* exercise programme, home exercises

(c) arthroscopic partial meniscectomy

Others/mixed

A Abbott et al. 2019 [13]

B Pinto et al. 2013 [74]

Hip osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i1), (i2) and (i3) 7 sessions over 9 weeks, 2 booster sessions at week 16 and 54

(c) –

A

(i1) NA

(i2) NA

(i3) NA

(c) –

B

(i1) partly

(i2) partly

(i3) partly

(c) –

(i1) approx. 50 min

(i2) approx. 50 min

(i3) approx. 50 min

(c) –

(i1)* individual exercise therapy

(i2)* manual therapy

(i3)* individual exercise and manual therapy

(c) usual care in GP

Bulthuis et al. 2008 [25]

Hip osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis

Inpatient, rehabilitation

(i) 2x/day over 3 weeks (exercise therapy),

2x/week over 3 weeks (education)

(c) NA

(i) partly

(c) NA

(i) 75 min (exercise therapy)

(c) NA

(i)* individual and group exercise therapy and education by PT

(c)* usual PT-care

Coupé et al.‚ 2007 [31]

Hip osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i) max. 18 session over 12 weeks and max. 7 booster sessions

(c) max. 18 sessions within 12 weeks

(i) partly

(c) NA

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* individual exercise therapy and booster session

(c)* usual physiotherapeutic care

Fernandes et al. 2017 [97]

Total hip replacement, total knee replacement

Outpatient, prehabilitation

(i) 2x/week over 8 weeks

(c) –

(i) partly

(c) –

(i) 1 h

(c) –

(i)* group neuromuscular exercise program and education by PT before surgery

(c) standard preoperative information by leaflet

Lin et al. 2008 [66]

Ankle fracture

Outpatient, therapy

(i) mean no. of treatment: 10 sessions, 2x/week over 4 weeks

(c) first week: 2 sessions, after that 1x/week, mean number of sessions: 6

(i) yes

(c) partly

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* individual physiotherapy and manual therapy

(c)* individual physiotherapy

Other conditions

Barnhoorn et al. 2018 [19]

Complex regional pain syndrome type 1

Outpatient, therapy

(i) max. 5 sessions

(c) –

(i) NA

(c) –

(i) 40 min

(c) –

(i)* individual pain exposure physical therapy

(c)* usual physiotherapeutic care+

Daker-White et al. 1999 [33]

Musculoskeletal problems

Outpatient, therapy

(i) –

(c) –

(i) –

(c) –

(i) NA

(c) NA

(i)* treatment by PT (orthopedic specialist)

(c) treatment by orthopedic surgeons #

Heij et al. 2022 [44]

Mobility problems

Outpatient, therapy

(i) mean: 15 sessions

(c) mean: 22 sessions

(i) partly+

(i) 30 min+

(i)* physical therapy (Coach2move)

(c)* usual physiotherapeutic care

Lilje et al. 2014 [65]

Mixed (on a waiting list for surgery regarding neck, shoulder/arm, back, pelvis/hip, knee or leg/foot condition)+

Outpatient, therapy

(i) up to 5 sessions over 5 weeks

(c) as many appointments as required

(i) NA

(c) –

(i) 30–45 min

(c) NA

(i)* manual therapy

(c) standard care of orthopedic surgeons

Sevick et al. 2000 (life) [79]

Sedentary adults

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 1x/week (1–16 week), biweekly (17–24 week), 1x/month group meeting (7–12 months), every other month group meeting (13–18 months), quarterly group meeting (19–24 months)

(c) exercise (1–6 months), receiving a calendar—monthly, invitation to activities, newsletter: quarterly (7–18 months)

(i) partly

(c) yes

(i) NA

(c) 20 min—1 h (exercise)

(i)* group education and lifestyle exercise therapy (for 6 months), individual/group—education, life exercise therapy (7–18 months)

(c) 1–6 months: individual exercises at a fitness facility

7–18 months: patients had the choice if they want to continue exercising at a fitness facility, calendar of activities, invitation to activities and newsletter #

Van den Hout et al. 2005 [91]

Rheumatoid arthritis

Outpatient, therapy

(i) 2x/week over 2 years, in total: 60 sessions

(c) mean sessions of individual PT: 8.4 over 2 years

(i) partly

(c) –

(i) 75 min

(c) NA

(i)* group exercise therapy ('Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Training'-program: weight bearing)

(c) usual care in GP (individual physiotherapy if necessary)