Table 1 Overview of the included trial-based economic evaluations
Study ID | Patients' characteristics | Country | Study design, type of economic analysis | Cost perspective | Effect measure | Time horizon |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spine | ||||||
Back | ||||||
A Barker et al. 2019 [17] B Barker et al. 2020 [18] | n = 615 Mean age: 72 Female: 86% Osteoporotic vertebral fracture | UK | RCT (PROVE-trial) Cost-utility | Healthcare perspective, Societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Müller et al. 2019 [71] | n = 2324 patients Back pain | DE | Prospective cohort study Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective, sick leave | Pain intensity (Graded chronic back pain status) | 24 months |
Søgaard et al. 2008 [84] | n = 90 lumbar spinal fusion | DK~ | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | Pain- and disability index scales of the low back pain rating scale | 24 months |
Low back pain | ||||||
Aboagye et al. 2015 [14] | n = 159 female: (i1) 72% (i2) 62% (c) 80% LBP | SE | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | QALY (EQ -5D) | 12 months |
Ankjær-Jensen et al. 1994 [15] | n = 172 Mean age: 44 LBP (herniated disc) | DK | Retrospective cohort study Cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | Low back pain rating scale | (i) 12 months c) 22 months |
Apeldoorn et al. 2012 [16] | n = 156 Mean age: (i) 43 (c) 42 LBP (chronic) | NL | RCT cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Bello et al. 2015 [21] | n = 62 Mean age: (i) 43 (c) 45 LBP (chronic) | GH | Feasibility intervention NA | Healthcare perspective | SF-36, numeric rating scale | 3 months |
Burton et al. 2004 [26] | n = 1287 LBP (non-specific) | UK | RCT Cost-utility, cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ -5D) | 12 months |
Canaway et al. 2018 [27] | n = 220 Mean age: 42 LBP | IL | Prospective cohort study Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | QALY (SF-12) | 12 months |
Carr et al. 2005 [28] | n = 237 Mean age: (i) 42 (c) 43 LBP | UK | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | RMDQ | 12 months |
Cherkin et al. 1998 [29] | n = 321, Mean age: 41 LBP (chronic) [12+ weeks] | US | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | Bothersomeness of symptoms, RDS | Short-term: 3 months Long-term: 12–24 months |
Critchley et al. 2007 [32] | n = 150 Mean age: 44 Female: (i1) 71% (i2) 62% (c) 69% LBP (acute) [symptoms < 90 days] | UK | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 18 months |
Fritz et al. 2008 [38] | n = 471 Mean age: 41 LBP (acute) [without clinical signs of nerve root, symptoms < 16 days] | US | Case–control Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | OSW, pain rating | 24 months |
Fritz et al. 2017 [39] | n = 220 Mean age: (i) 38 (c) 37 LBP [symptoms for 6 weeks to 6 months] | US | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Hahne et al. 2017 [43] | n = 300 Mean age: (i) 43 (c) 46 LBP (chronic) [symptoms 6+ weeks] | AU | RCT Cost-utility | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Herman et al. 2008 [45] | n = 75 LBP [symptoms for 4+ weeks] | US | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Main: societal perspective; additional: employer, participant | QALY (SF-6D) | 6 months |
Hlobil et al. 2007 [46] | n = 134 [sick-listed worker] mean age: (i) 39 (c) 37 LBP (chronic) | NL | RCT Cost–benefit | Societal perspective | Lost productivity days | 36 months |
Hurley et al. 2015 [50] | n = 246 LBP [symptoms 3+ months] | IE | RCT Cost-utility | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Johnson et al. 2007 [55] | n = 234 LBP | UK | RCT Cost-utility | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Karjalainen et al. 2003 [57] | n = 164 mean age: (i1) 44 (i2) 44 (c) 43 [25–61 y.] LBP | FI | RCT Cost–benefit | Healthcare perspective | Bothersomeness and frequency of pain, daily symptoms, generic health-related quality of life, intensity of pain, ODI, sick leave, | 12 months |
Kim et al. 2020 [59] | n = 56 [BMI 17–30] Mean age: (i) 48 (c) 39 Female: (i) 25% (c) 29% LBP (chronic) | KR | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | Functional rating index, Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire, VAS | 3 weeks |
A Niemistö et al. 2003 [72] B Niemistö et al. 2005 [73] | n = 204 Mean age: (i) 37 (c) 37 [24–46] LBP (subacute and chronic) [symptoms 6+ weeks] | FI | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | A VAS B ODI, VAS | A 12 months B 24 months |
Rivero-Arias et al. 2006 [77] | n = 286 mean age: (i) 42 (c) 40 LBP (chronic) [symptoms 3+ months] | UK | RCT Cost-utility | Healthcare perspective, societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Smeets et al. 2009 [83] | n = 160 Mean age: (i1) 43 (i2) 42 (c) 43 LBP | NL | RCT Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility | Societal perspective | RMDQ, QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Suni et al. 2018 [87] | n = 219 [health professionals] Female: 100% LBP (chronic) | FI | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective, sick leave | QALY (SF-6D) | 12 months |
van der Roer et al. 2008 [93] | n = 114 [have a health insurance with company AGIS] LBP [symptoms < 12 weeks] | NL | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | General perceived effect (6-point-scale), pain-rating-scale, EQ-5D, RMDQ | 12 months |
Whitehurst et al. 2007 [95] | n = 299 LBP (chronic) | UK | RCT cost-effectiveness, cost-utility | Healthcare perspective | RMDQ, QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Neck | ||||||
Bosmans et al. 2011 [24] | n = 146 Neck pain (subacute) | NL | RCT Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility | Societal perspective | Patient perceived recovery, QALY (SF-6D) | 12 months |
Korthals-de Bos et al. 2003 [62] | n = 183 Neck pain | NL~ | RCT Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility | Societal perspective | EQ, functional disability, pain intensity, patient perceived recovery | 12 months |
Leininger et al. 2016 [63] | n = 241 Mean age: 73 Neck pain (chronic) [symptoms 3+ months] | US | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | QALY (SF-6D) | 12 months |
Lewis et al. 2007 [64] | n = 350 Female: 63% (in total) Neck disorders (non-specific) | UK | RCT Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility | Healthcare perspective, societal perspective | Northwick Park Questionnaire, QALY (EQ-5D) | 6 months |
Manca et al. 2006 [68] | n = 268 Female: (i) 62% (c) 66% Neck pain [musculoskeletal origin, symptoms 2+ weeks] | UK | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 3 months, 12 months |
Van Dongen et al. 2016 [94] | n = 181 Female: (i) 62% (c) 62% neck pain (subacute and chronic) | NL | RCT cost-effectiveness, cost-utility | Societal perspective | Neck Disability Index—Dutch Version, patient's perceived recovery | 12 months |
Others/mixed | ||||||
Denninger et al. 2018 [34] | n = 447 Female: 72% Back pain or neck pain | US | Retrospective cohort Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | EQ-5D, NPRS, Oswestry Disability Index/Neck Disability Index, Patient Health Questionnaire-4 | 24 months |
Manca et al. 2007 [67] | n = 315 Back pain or neck pain [non-systematic origin, symptoms 2+ weeks] | UK | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
A Skargren et al. 1997 [82] B Skargren et al. 1998 [81] | n = 323 Mean age: (i) 41 c) 41 back or neck pain | SE | RCT Cost–benefit | Healthcare perspective | General Health (scale), ODS, VAS | A 6 months B 12 months |
Upper limb | ||||||
Bergman et al. 2010 [23] | n = 142 Shoulder complaints | NL | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | Patient perceived recovery | 6 months |
Commbes et al. 2016 [30] | n = 154 Female: (i1) 36 (i2) 39 (c1) 38 (c2) 38 epicondylitis lateralis [> 6 weeks duration] | AU | RCT Cost-utility | Societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Fernandez-de-Las-penjas et al. 2019 [37] | n = 120 Female: 100% Carpal tunnel syndrom | ES | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Geraets et al. 2006 [41] | n = 176 Shoulder complaints (chronic) | NL | RCT Cost–benefit | Societal perspective | EQ-5D, main complaints, Shoulder Disability Questionnaire | 12 months |
Hopewell et al. 2021 [48] | n = 708 Rotator cuff disease | UK | RCT Cost-utility | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
James et al. 2005 [53] | n = 207 Shoulder pain [new episode] | UK | RCT Cost-consequences | Healthcare perspective | Disability score, EQ-5D | 6 months |
Korthals-de Bos et al. 2004 [61] | n = 183 Epicondylitis lateralis | NL | RCT Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility | Societal perspective | Cost effectiveness: general improvement, pain during the day, PFFQ cost-utility: EQ | 12 months |
Struijs et al. 2006 [86] | n = 180 Epicondylitis lateralis [symptoms 6+ weeks] | NL | RCT Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility | Societal perspective | EQ, pain-free function questionnaire, pain most serious complaint, severity of complaint, success rate | 12 months |
Lower limb | ||||||
Hip | ||||||
Fusco et al. 2019 [40] | n = 80 Female: 0% Hip replacement | UK | RCT Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Griffin et al. 2022 [42] | n = 358 Mean age: (i) 35 (c) 35 Female: (i) 42% (c) 36% femoroacetabular impingement syndrome | UK | RCT (UK FASHioN RCT) Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective, societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Juhakoski et al. 2011 [56] | n = 118 Mean age: (i) 67 (c) 66 Female: (i) 68% (c) 72% Hip osteoarthritis | FI | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | SF-36, WOMAC | 24 months |
Tan et al. 2016 [88] | n = 203 Mean age: (i) 65 (c) 67 Female: (i) 62% (c) 55% Hip osteoarthritis | NL | RCT Cost-utility | Healthcare perspective, societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Knee | ||||||
Barton et al. 2009 [20] | n = 389 Female: 66% (in total) Knee pain [BMI > = 28; age = 45+] | UK | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 24 months |
Bennell et al. 2016 [22] | n = 222 [50+] Knee osteoarthritis | AU | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Eggerding et al. 2021 [35] | n = 167 Mean age: (i) 31 (c) 31 ACL tear [recent ACL tear, max. 2 month ago] | NL+ | RCT Cost-utility | Healthcare perspective, Societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 24 months |
Ho-Henriksson et al. 2022 [47] | n = 69 Female: (i) 60% (c) 68% Knee osteoarthritis | SE | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Health care perspective, societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Huang et al. 2012 [49] | n = 243 Mean age: (i) 70 (c) 71 Female: (i) 70% (c) 74% Total knee replacement [unilateral TKA, due to OA] | TW | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | Knee ROM, Length of stay, VAS | 5 days |
A Hurley et al. 2007 [52] B Hurley et al. 2012 [51] | n = 418 Mean age: (i1) 66 (i2) 68 (c) 67 [50+] female: (i1) 25% (i2) 22% (c) 23% Knee pain (chronic) [symptoms 6+ months] | UK | A RCT (ESCAPE-Knee-Study) Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility B RCT (ESCAPE-Knee-Study) Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective, social care payer perspective | A WOMAC, QALY (EQ-5D) B WOMAC | A 6 months B 30 months |
Jessep et al. 2009 [54] | n = 64 Mean age: (i) 66 (c) 67 [> 50] Female: (i) 63% (c) 76% Knee pain (chronic) | UK | RCT Cost–benefit | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Kigozi et al. 2018 [58] | n = 514 Knee osteoarthritis | UK | RCT (BEEP-trial) Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 18 months |
Knoop et al. 2023 [60] | n = 328 Mean age: (i) 66 (c) 64 [40–85] Female: (i) 63% (c) 64% Knee osteoarthritis | NL | RCT Cost-utility | Societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
McCarthy et al. 2004 [69] | n = 214 Knee osteoarthritis | UK | RCT (GRASP-RCT) cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Mitchell et al. 2005 [70] | n = 114 Mean age: (i) 70 (c) 71 Total knee replacement | UK | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | SF-36, WOMAC | 15 months |
Pryymachenko et al. 2021 [75] | n = 75 Female: (i1) 63% (i2) 67% (i3) 63% (c) 58% Knee osteoarthritis | NZ | RCT (MOA2-Trial) Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective, societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 24 months |
Rhon et al. 2022 [76] | n = 156 Female: (i) 37% (c) 38% Knee osteoarthritis | US | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Sevick et al. 2000 (ex) [78] | n = 439 Mean age: (i1) 69 (i2) 68 (c) 69 [60+] Female: (i1) 69% (i2) 73% (c) 69% Knee osteoarthritis | US | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective | Car task, lifting and carrying task, Self-reported disability score, stair climb, 6-min walking distance | 18 months |
Sevick et al. 2009 [80] | n = 316 Mean age: (i1) 68 (i2) 69 (i3) 69 (c) 69 Female: (i1) 72% (i2) 74% (i3) 74% (c) 68% Knee osteoarthritis | US~ | RCT (ADAPT-trial) Cost-effectiveness | Payer perspective | Stair climb, weight, WOMAC function, WOMAC pain, WOMAC stiffness, 6-min walk | 18 months |
Stan et al. 2015 [85] | n = 90 Age mean: (i) 67 (c1) 64 (c2) 65 [60+] Female: 70% (in total) Knee osteoarthritis [varus deformity, Ahlback score 3, 4 or 5] | RO | Controlled trial Cost-effectiveness | Payer perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | Uncertain |
Tan et al. 2010 [89] | n = 131 Mean age: (i) 25 (c) 23 Female: (i) 65% (c) 64% Patellofemoral pain syndrome | NL | RCT Cost-utility | Healthcare perspective, societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
van de Graaf et al. 2020 [90] | n = 319 Meniscal tear [non-obstructive] | NL | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | International Knee Documentation Committee, QALY (EQ-5D) | 24 months |
van der Graaff et al. 2023 [92] | n = 99 Mean age: (i) 36 (c) 34 [18–45] Female: (i) 26% (c) 23% meniscal tear (traumatic) | NL | RCT Cost-utility | Healthcare perspective, societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 24 months |
Others/mixed | ||||||
A Abbott et al. 2019 [13] B Pinto et al. 2013 [74] | n = 206 Mean age: (i1) 67 (i2) 67 (i3) 66 (c) 66 Female: (i1) 32% (i2) 28% (i3) 29% (c) 25% Hip osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis | NZ | A RCT (MOA-RCT) Cost-effectiveness B RCT (MOA-RCT) Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility | A Societal perspective B Healthcare perspective, societal perspective | A QALY (SF-6D) B OMERACT-OARSI responder, QALY (SF-12v2), WOMAC | A 24 months B 12 months |
Bulthuis et al. 2008 [25] | n = 85 Mean age: (i) 69 (c) 69 Female: (i) 42% (c) 28% Hip osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis | NL | RCT (DAPPER-study) Cost-utility, cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | Functional ability, MACTAR and EPMROM | 6 months |
Coupé et al.‚ 2007 [31] | n = 200 Female: (i) 75% (c) 79% Hip osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis | NL | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Societal perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 15 months |
Fernandes et al. 2017 [97] | n = 165 Mean age: (i) 68 (c) 67 Total hip replacement, total knee replacement | DK | RCT Cost-utility | Healthcare perspective | HOOS, KOOS, QALY (EQ-5D) | 12 months |
Lin et al. 2008 [66] | n = 94 Mean age: (i) 43 (c) 41 Female: (i) 26% (c) 17% Ankle fracture [treated with cast immobilization, with or without surgery before] | AU | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective, patient perspective | Assessment of Quality of Life, Lower Extremity Functional Scale | 5,5 months |
Other conditions | ||||||
Barnhoorn et al. 2018 [19] | n = 56 Mean age: 44 [18–80] Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 | NL | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective, travel costs | QALY (EQ-5D) | 9 months |
Daker-White et al. 1999 [33] | n = 481 Musculoskeletal problems | UK | RCT Cost-effectiveness | Healthcare perspective, patient perspective | Disease Repercussions Profile, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Pain—Visual Analogue Scale, SF-36 | 5–6 months |
Heij et al. 2022 [44] | n = 292 Female: (i) 60 (c) 62 Mean age: (i) 82 (c) 81 Mobility problems | NL | RCT Cost-consequences, cost-utility | Healthcare perspective | QALY (EQ-5D) | 6 months |
Lilje et al. 2014 [65] | n = 78 Mean age: (i) 38 (c) 45 Mixed (on a waiting list for surgery regarding neck, shoulder/arm, back, pelvis/hip, knee or leg/foot condition)+ | SE | RCT Cost-consequences | Healthcare perspective | QALY (SF-6D) | 12 months |
Sevick et al. 2000 (life) [79] | n = 235(+) Sedentary adults | US | RCT (Project ACTIVE) Cost-effectiveness | Practicing clinician | Blood pressure, heart rate, peak VO 2 (mL/kg/min), Physical Activity Recall), total treadmill time, weight | 6 months, 24 months |
Van den Hout et al. 2005 [91] | n = 300 Female: 79% Rheumatoid arthritis | NL | RCT (RAPIT-study) Cost-utility | Societal perspective | HAQ, MACTAR, QALY (EQ-5D, SF-6D, VAS) | 24 months |