Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in this systematic review with meta-analysis
Study | PEDro scale | Country | Sex | Sample size | Age, years (mean ± SD or range) | Participants and sporting disciplines | Physical test performed | Genotyping |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akazawa et al. [46] | 5 | Japan | Men and Women | Athletes N: 906 (401F) Controls N: 649 (466F) | Data not shown | Athletes from different sports disciplines Healthy controls | No test performed | RT-PCR |
Balkó et al. [34] | 5 | Czech Republic | Men | N: 15 | 24.9 ± 6.6 | Elite and sub-elite fencers | PCV, PCPB, SCT, HG D, RPT/30s and Pmax | Data not shown |
Ben-Zaken et al. [35] | 5 | Israel | Men and Women | N: 211 CG: 86 (31F) SJ: 71 (24F) WL: 54 (13F) | 25.8 ± 3.7 24.8 ± 6.1 28.7 ± 9.4 | Sprinters and long jumpers, weightlifters, non-athletic control | SJ: 100m run (sprinters) Long jump (jumpers) WL: Snatch Clean and jerk | RT-PCR |
Coelho et al. [36] | 5 | Brazil | Men | N: 138 U17: 32 U20: 38 Prof: 68 | 17.3 ± 5.3 20.6 ± 3.6 23.2 ± 6.4 | Under-17, Under-20 and professionals of a Brazilian first division soccer team | V10, V20, V30, SJ, CMJ and VO2max | PCR–RFLP |
Druzhevskaya et al. [47] | 5 | Russia | Men and Women | Athletes N: 486 (123F) Controls N: 1197 (673F) | RR: 24 ± 0.7 RX: 24.5 ± 0.6 XX: 24.1 ± 1.0 RR: 17.1 ± 0.2 RX: 17.2 ± 0.2 XX: 16.7 ± 0.4 | Highly elite, elite, sub-elite, average and controls (healthy subjects) | No test performed | PCR–RFLP |
Eynon et al. [23] | 6 | Israel | Men and Women | Sprinters N: 81 (22F) Controls N: 240 | 31.4 ± 14.2 | Sprinters (top-level/national-level) and healthy individuals | No test performed | PCR–RFLP |
Eynon et al. [37] | 6 | Israel | Men and Women | Athletes N: 155 (36F) Controls N: 240 (73F) | 35.9 ± 12.2 | Track and field athletes (elite level/national-level) and healthy individuals | No test performed | PCR–RFLP |
Eynon et al. [38] | 5 | Spain | Men | Athletes N: 633 SP: 273 PP: 217 RP: 143 Controls N: 808 SP: 343 PP: 354 RP: 111 | SP(PA): 20–33 SP(EA): 20–39 SP(C): 19–32 PP(C): 19–32 | Endurance/power athletes and healthy individuals | No test performed | RT-PCR |
Eynon et al. [39] | 5 | Australia | Men | Athletes N: 888 SP: 323 PP: 341 RP: 224 Controls N: 568 SP: 103 PP: 354 RP: 111 | SP(EA): 20–39 SP(C): 19–32 PP(Hoc): 28 ± 4 PP(Ha): 26 ± 2 PP(soc): 26 ± 6 PP(C): 19–32 RP(C): 19–32 | Team-sport, sprint/power and endurance athletes and healthy individuals | No test performed | RT-PCR |
Garatachea et al. [48] | 5 | Spain | Men and Women | Athletes N: 102 (41F) Controls N: 283 (67F) | 25 ± 5.4 21.1 ± 2 | Healthy young adults and elite basketball players | SJ CMJ | PCR–RFLP |
Gineviciene et al. [40] | 5 | Lithuania | Men and Women | Athletes N: 161 (33F) Controls N: 1202 (662F) | 23 ± 6.5 29 ± 8.5 | Professional strength/power athletes and healthy individuals | No test performed | PCR–RFLP |
Grover et al. [41] | 3 | India | Men | Athletes N: 23 Controls N: 25 | Data not shown | Elite power/speed athletes and non-athletes | No test performed | PCR–RFLP |
Kikuchi et al. [49] | 5 | Japan | Men and women | N:1057 PS: 627 EA: 430 Controls N: 810 | Data not shown | Regional, National and International PS and EA Nonathletic individuals | No test performed | RT-PCR |
Kim et al. [42] | 5 | Korea | Men and women | N: 975 ST: 63 PS: 58 Controls N: 854 | 22.2 ± 3.6 20.8 ± 4.6 32.6 ± 4.8 | Running, speed, skating, swimming, and weightlifting athletes Non-athletes | No test performed | RT-PCR |
Massidda et al. [10] | 5 | Italy | Men | N: 178 TS: 74 PS: 64 EA: 40 Controls N: 190 | Data not shown | Elite ST, PS and EA Healthy individuals | No test performed | PCR–RFLP |
Massidda et al. [54] | 5 | Italy | Men and women | Athletes N: 35 (18F) Controls N: 53 (22F) | Data not shown | Junior and senior artistic gymnastics team | No test performed | PCR–RFLP |
Melián Ortiz et al. [52] | 5 | Spain | Men and women | N: 80 CMW: 20 EMW: 20 C-EMW: 20 IMW: 20 | 26.7 ± 2.29 22.6 ± 3.4 28.1 ± 9 22.3 ± 3.1 | Healthy population | LJ Sargent Test Power jump (Sayer equation) Sprint test | RT- PCR |
Orysiak et al. [9] | 5 | Poland | Men | N: 200 | Ca: 18.1 ± 1.6 I hoc: 17.5 ± 0.9 SW: 15.1 ± 1.5 VB: 17.2 ± 0.7 | Elite canoeing, ice hockey players, swimming, and volleyball players | ACMJ CMJ SPJ | PCR–RFLP |
Orysiak et al. [50] | 4 | Poland | Men and Women | N: 398 (132F) | M: 16.7 ± 2.1 F: 15.8 ± 2.0 | Elite canoeing, ice hockey players, swimming, and volleyball players | CMJ SPJ Muscle Strength | PCR–RFLP |
Papadimitriou et al. [53] | 6 | Australia | Men | N: 555 | Data not shown | 100m, 200m and 400m sprinters | No test performed | RT- PCR |
Pasqualetti et al. [43] | 5 | Italy | Men | N: 27 | 22.6 ± 2.9 | Rugby elite players | 505-test 20m sprint test RSA YOYO IRT1 CMJ | PCR–RFLP |
Petr et al. [44] | 5 | Czech Republic | Men | N: 99 | 25.4 ± 4.5 | Professional soccer players | CMJ with and without hands on the waist SJ Knee extensors and flexors strength | PCR–RFLP |
Pimenta et al. [45] | 5 | Brazil | Men | N: 200 | 24.4 ± 2 | Professional soccer players | 10m, 20m and 30m sprint test SJ and CMJ YOYO IRT1 | PCR–RFLP |
Wenjia Chen et al. [51] | 6 | China | Men and Women | N: 314 (53 F) Controls N: 206 (88 F) | MS: (10–10.25)s: 25.2 ± 3.4 (10.26–10.50)s: 19.2 ± 1.9 (10.51–10.93)s: 18.9 ± 1.1 (10.94–11.74)s: 15.3 ± 1.2 FS: (11.60–11.70)s: 22.6 ± 5.1 (11.71–12.33)s: 19.6 ± 3.8 (12.34–13.04)s: 15.2 ± 0.9 CM: 20.3 ± 1.2 CF: 19.9 ± 1.4 | Elite sprinters Healthy controls | 100m sprint, standing jump and standing triple jump | PCR–RFLP |
Yang et al. [12] | 5 | China | Men and Women | N: 153 Athletes: 103 CG: 50 | 24.3 ± 3.2 (20–35) 25.5 ± 3.0 (20–30) | Elite EA and PS athletes Healthy CG | Standing Long Jump Standing Vertical Jump | RT-PCR |