Effects of a 10-Week Exercise and Nutritional Intervention with Variable Dietary Carbohydrates and Glycaemic Indices on Substrate Metabolism, Glycogen Storage, and Endurance Performance in Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 2 Energy and macronutrient intake before (T-0) and during the intervention (T-10)

Group	T-0	T-10	Time x group	Time effect	Group effect during intervention period
Energy intake [kcal]
LOW-GI	2178 ± 556	1784 ± 502	0.006	< 0.001	0.028
HIGH-GI	2072 ± 585	2124 ± 462^c		0.550
LCHF	1954 ± 657	1755 ± 468^b		0.053
Carbohydrate intake [%]
LOW-GI	50.2 ± 5.5	50.5 ± 5.4^c	< 0.001	0.839	< 0.001
HIGH-GI	50.2 ± 5.9	53.5 ± 5.6^c		0.005
LCHF	45.4 ± 10.4	10.6 ± 3.7^a,b		< 0.001
Carbohydrate intake [g]
LOW-GI	267.7 ± 79.7	211.8 ± 57.7^b,c	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
HIGH-GI	247.0 ± 74.0	269.1 ± 51.6^a,c		0.048
LCHF	219.8 ± 91.0	41.1 ± 13.2^a,b		< 0.001
Protein intake [%]
LOW-GI	16.4 ± 3.1	19.9 ± 2.7^b.c	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
HIGH-GI	16.8 ± 3.6	15.7 ± 2.7^a.c		0.042
LCHF	18.8 ± 4.0	28.1 ± 3.0^a.b		< 0.001
Protein intake [g]
LOW-GI	87.1 ± 30.9	86.7 ± 28.1^c	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
HIGH-GI	84.5 ± 32.9	81.4 ± 25.8^c		0.042
LCHF	88.3 ± 35.3	117.5 ± 35.1^a,b		< 0.001
Fat intake [%]
LOW-GI	31.8 ± 5.9	28.6 ± 5.8^c	< 0.001	0.034	< 0.001
HIGH-GI	30.7 ± 5.5	28.7 ± 4.6^c		0.104
LCHF	34.3 ± 8.8	62.2 ± 4.8^a.b		< 0.001
Fat intake [g]
LOW-GI	74.3 ± 21.8	58.0 ± 23.9^c	< 0.001	0.004	< 0.001
HIGH-GI	71.5 ± 28.5	68.8 ± 24.0^c		0.561
LCHF	72 ± 29.4	120.2 ± 35.5^a.b		< 0.001
Glycaemic index
LOW-GI	62 ± 10	41 ± 3		< 0.001	< 0.001
HIGH-GI	57 ± 8	64 ± 3		< 0.001

^a,b,cSignificantly different intake between groups during the intervention: ^acompared to LOW-GI, ^bcompared to HIGH-GI, ^ccompared to LCHF. Bold numbers respresent a significant interaction effect or a significant simple main effect