Table 5 Summary of study characteristics
Study | Participants and classification [67] | COD task | Familiarisation/reliability | Velocity (m.s) | Outcomes | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beaulieu et al. [85] | 15 Female: (21.1 ± 3.6 years, 168.3 ± 5.3 cm, 62.4 ± 4.9 kg) 15 Male: (22.9 ± 3.7 years, 178.2 ± 8.0 cm, 75.1 ± 6.7 kg) Elite soccer players (Tier 4/3) | 45° UA cut | Separate practice/familiarisation session | 4.0–5.0 | 3D Kinematics (Sagittal, frontal, transverse) 3D kinetics (Sagittal, frontal, transverse) Peak values and at IC | Only study to control for MC phase: Tested all females in follicular phase of MC |
Condello et al. [57] | 12 Females: (21.0 ± 2.7 years, 166.9 ± 4.1 cm, 61.9 ± 6.2 kg) 14 Males: (19.6 ± 1.5 years, 178.9 ± 4.7 cm, 73.1 ± 7.2 kg) NCAA Div III soccer players (Tier 3) | 60° PP cut (each limb) | Submaximal trials ICCs of outcome variables | Not stated | vGRF, mlGRF, contact time, Performance cutting angle, minimum horizontal distance (foot plant width) | Only kinematics and forces measured |
Iguchi et al. [58] | 12 Females: (21.9 ± 1.2 years, 160.6 ± 5.0 cm, 55.0 ± 5.2 kg) 11 Males (22.9 ± 1.0 years, 170.9 ± 4.5 cm, 64.2 ± 7.6 kg) “Recreationally active” (Tier 1) | 60° UA cut | 5 PP familiarisation trials | 3.0 | 3D hip and knee kinematics (Sagittal) GRF impulse (50 ms, 100 ms) | CMJ fatigue eliciting protocol Pooled intervention conditions when performing sex comparisons |
Ihmels et al. [59] | 17 Females: (21.6 ± 2.8 years, 1.7 m ± 0.1, 64.6 ± 7.4 kg) 17 Males: (22.3 ± 3.3 years, 1.8 ± 0.1 m, 78.8 ± 10 kg) “Recreationally active” (Tier 1) | 45° PP cut | None | 4.0 | Peak 3D knee kinematics and kinetics (Sagittal, Frontal and Transverse) Peak 3D ankle kinetics and ROM (Sagittal and Frontal) | Sex differences only observed in women wearing prophylactic braces and not control All conditions were pooled for subsequent sex analysis |
Khalid et al. [60] | 6 Females (19.33 ± 1.97 years, 1.61 ± 0.04 m, 55.4 ± 9.56 kg) 6 Males (20.17 ± 1.83 years, 1.74 ± 0.02 m, 66.58 ± 6.00 kg) Collegiate soccer players (Tier 2) | 45° PP and UA cuts | 1 h familiarisation session delivered within 3 days of testing | 4.5–5.5 | 3D kinetics (Sagittal, frontal, transverse) Peak values | Small sample size of 6 Males and 6 Females Fatigue data pooled when performing sex comparisons |
McLean et al. [49] | 8 Females: (23.2 ± 3.8 years, 167.3 ± 6.5 cm, 64.1 ± 5.0 kg) 8 Males: (23.2 ± 3.8 years, 177.5 ± 8.3 cm, 73.1 ± 3.8 kg) “Proficient in sidestep manoeuvres” | PP 30–40° cut | Not reported | 4.5–5.5 | Peak 3D Hip and knee kinematics (Sagittal, frontal and transverse) Rearfoot pronation mGRF | No joint moments examined |
McLean et al. [48] | 10 Females: 21.1 ± 3.0 years, 176.0 ± 11.1 cm, 76.1 ± 12.4 kg 10 Males: 20.2 ± 1.9 years, 184.7 ± 8.0 cm, 81.9 ± 9.8 kg NCAA DIV I Basketball players (Tier 4) | 35–55° path demarcated intended for PP 45° cut | Not reported | 4.5–5.5 | Peak 3D Hip and Knee Kinematics (Sagittal, frontal, transverse); 3D ankle Kinematics (sagittal and frontal) Peak 3D knee kinetics (Frontal) | Only frontal plane kinetics examined |
McLean et al. [88] | 10 Females: 21.1 ± 3.0 years, 176.0 ± 11.1 cm, 76.1 ± 12.4 kg 10 Males: 20.2 ± 1.9 years, 184.7 ± 8.0 cm, 81.9 ± 9.8 kg NCAA DIV I Basketball players (Tier 4) | 35–55° path demarcated intended for PP 45°cut and PP 180° | Not reported | 4.5–5.5 | Peak and IC: 3D Hip and Knee Kinematics (Sagittal, frontal, transverse) 3D ankle Kinematics (sagittal and frontal) | No measurement of kinetics |
Nagano et al. 2011 [61] | 10 Female (7 Soccer 3 Lacrosse) 20.1 ± 1.4 years, 1.61 ± 0.06 m, 56.8 ± 7.4 kg 10 Male (Soccer)20.7 ± 1.3 years, 1.75 ± 0.05 m, 66.9 ± 6.2 kg, “Cutting sports” | PP 180° turn | “Several preparation trials” | “Maximal” | 3D knee kinematics (sagittal, frontal, transverse) at IC and 75 ms and 150 ms 3D trunk kinematics: (sagittal and frontal) at IC and 75 ms and 150 ms | No knee moments calculated |
O’Connor et al. [62] | 17 Females: 20.9 ± 1.5 years, 1.68 ± 0.06 m, 62.9 ± 5.9 kg 16 Males: 22.7 ± 2.7 years, 1.81 ± 0.08 m, 86.1 ± 13.5 kg “Recreationally active” (Tier 1) | 5 trials of UA 45° cut of dominant leg | Separate familiarisation session delivered one week prior to main testing | 4.5–5.0 | 3D knee kinematics at IC and ROM (sagittal, frontal and transverse planes) 3D kinetics (internal joint moments; sagittal, frontal and transverse) | Multiple dynamic conditions pooled together prior to performing sex comparison |
Pollard et al. [89] | 12 Females: 19.3 ± 1.1 years, 1.66 m ± 0.05 m, 62.5 ± 6.9 kg 12 Males 19.7 ± 1.5 years 1.80 ± 0.07 m, 76.1 ± 5.9 kg NCAA Collegiate soccer players (Tier 3) | 7–8 trials of UA 45° right legged cut | Practice session including several Preplanned and unanticipated trials | 5.5–6.5 | Peak 3D hip and knee Kinematics (Frontal and Transverse) Peak 3D hip and knee kinetics (Frontal and Transverse) | No sagittal angles and kinetics calculated despite their association with KJLs |
Pollard et al. [86] | 15 Females: 19.4 ± 1.5 years, 167.4 ± 8.0 cm, 65.9 ± 7.0 kg 15 Males: 19.6 ± 1.9 years, 179.1 ± 6.0 cm, 74.2 ± 7.0 kg NCAA Collegiate Soccer Players (Tier 3) | 4 trials of 5 m right legged PP 45° cut | 3–5 practice trials | 5.5–7.0 | Average 3D hip kinematics (Sagittal Frontal and transverse) Peak hip kinetics (Sagittal Frontal and transverse) | Only examined hip kinematics and kinetics |
Schreurs et al. [63] | 16 Females: 21.9 ± 2.5 years, 173.6 ± 6.9 cm and 67.1 ± 7.1 kg 13 Males: 22.5 ± 2.3 years, 190.2 ± 7.7 cm and 80.1 ± 10.3 kg “Team sport athletes” | 10 trials of PP maximal 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180° CODs | None reported | “Maximal” | 3D knee kinematics and ROM (Sagittal) 3D knee kinetics (Sagittal and Frontal) | Pooled COD conditions to perform sex analysis Only knee examined Measures reported at instance of peak valgus |
Sigward and Powers 2006 [52] | 15 Females: 19.4 ± 1.5 years, 167.4 ± 8.0 cm, 65.9 ± 7.0 kg 15 Males: 19.6 ± 1.9 years, 179.1 ± 6.0 cm, 74.2 ± 7.0 kg NCAA div I or II Soccer Players (Tier 3 and 4) | 4 trials of 5 m right legged PP 45° cut | “Practice trials” Test–retest reliability reported | 5.5–7.0 | 3D knee kinematics (Sagittal, frontal and transverse) 3D knee kinetics (Moment and moment impulse) (Sagittal frontal and transverse) | Only study to report test–retest reliability |
Sigward et al. [51] | 20 Females: 19.7 ± 0.2 years, 167.0 ± 1.6 cm, 51.8 ± 1.7 kg 20 Males: 19.7 ± 0.2 years, 181.1 ± 1.6 cm, 78.6 ± 1.7 kg NCAA div I or II Soccer Players (Tier 3 and 4) | 4 trials of UA 45° cut with 7 m approach | “Practice trials” | 4.5–5.5 | Peak 3D Kinematics (frontal) Peak 3D Kinetics (Frontal internal) vGRF, pGRF, lGRF | Pooled maturation data to conduct sex comparisons |
Sigward et al. [50] | 20 Females: 18.25 ± 2.15 years, 1.63 ± 0.07 m, 59.55 ± 7.38 kg 25 Males: 18.76 ± 2.09 years, 1.80 ± 0.07 m, 75.58 ± 8.02 kg NCAA div I or II Soccer Players (Tier 3 and 4) | 4 trials of UA 45° and 110° cuts with 7 m approach | “Practice trials” | 4.5–5.5 | 3D Hip kinematics (Frontal and Transverse) 3D kinetics (Frontal) vGRF, pGRF, lGRF | Pooled data for angles to conduct sex comparisons |
Tanikawa et al. [64] | Pooled male and female: 25.4 ± 3.5 years, 1.67 ± 0.1 m, 60.2 ± 10.1 kg | 2 trials of 90° cut at self-selected speed | 1 practice trial | Self-selected | 3D knee kinematics and kinetics (Sagittal, frontal and transverse) | Trials performed barefoot and exceptionally low approach velocity (2.10 m.s) |