Table 1 Overview of exercise prescriptions in studies investigating exercise training programs in individuals with long COVID
Study | Reference no. | Inclusion of people with long COVID and fatigue symptoms? | Assessing for PEM? | Endurance training modalities | Strength training modalities | IMT modalities | Training-related serious adverse events | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intensity | Continuous or interval training mode | Interval modality | Total duration [min] | Intensity | Sets and repetitions | Intensity | Duration | |||||
Liu et al. 2020 | [10] | Not reported | Not reported | NA | NA | 60% PImax | 3 × 10 reps | Not reported | ||||
Gloeckl et al. 2021 | [7] | Yes | Not reported | 60–70% PWR | CT | – | 10–20 min | 15–20 RM | 3 × 15–20 reps | NA | No adverse events | |
Daynes et al. 2021 | [11] | Yes | Not reported | Not reported | – | Not reported | Not reported | NA | No adverse events | |||
Abodonya et al. 2021 | [12] | Not reported | Not reported | NA | NA | 50% of MIP | 6 × 5 min | Not reported | ||||
Dalbosco-Salas et al. 2021 | [13] | Yes | Not reported | Borg 3–6 (0–10 scale) | CT | – | 20–30 min | NA | NA | Not reported | ||
Martin et al. 2021 | [14] | Yes | Not reported | Borg 6 (0–10 scale) | CT | – | 30 min | 8–12 RM | 3 × 8–12 reps | NA | No adverse events | |
Nambi et al. 2021 | [15] | Not reported | Not reported | 40–60% or 60–80% of peak HR | CT | – | 30 min | 10RM | 3 × 10 reps | NA | Not reported | |
Stavrou et al. 2021 | [16] | Yes | Not reported | 75% of peak HR | CT | – | 50 min | Not reported | 2 × 12 reps | NA | Not reported | |
Mohamed et al. 2021 | [17] | Yes | Not reported | 60–75% of peak HR | CT | – | 30 min | NA | NA | Not reported | ||
Betschart et al. 2021 | [18] | Yes | Not reported | 20–30% PWR | CT | – | 30 min | 50–85% of 1RM | 3 × 10–12 reps | NA | No adverse events | |
Hayden et al. 2021 | [19] | Yes | Not reported | Borg 4–6 (0–10 scale) | CT | – | 30–60 min | 12 RM | 3 × 12 reps | NA | Not reported | |
Spielmanns et al. 2021 | [20] | Not reported | Not reported | 55–70% of peak HR | IT | 30–60 s | 10–30 min | 12 RM | 3 × 12 reps | NA | Not reported | |
Udina et al. 2021 | [21] | Not reported | Not reported | Borg 3–5 (0–10 scale) | CT | – | 15 min | 30–80% of 1RM | 2 × 10 reps | NA | Not reported | |
Zampogna et al. 2021 | [22] | Not reported | Not reported | Borg 4–5 (0–10 scale) | CT | – | 20–30 min | NA | NA | Not reported | ||
Bouteleux et al. 2021 | [23] | Yes | Not reported | Not reported | – | – | – | Not reported | – | NA | Not reported | |
Albu et al. 2021 | [24] | Yes | Not reported | Not reported | CT | – | 20–30 min | 12 RM | 3 × 12 reps | 30% PImax | 3 × 3 min | Not reported |
Al Chikhanie et al. 2021 | [25] | Yes | Not reported | Not reported | – | – | – | Not reported | – | NA | Not reported | |
Besnier et al. 2022 | [26] | Yes | Not reported | first ventilatory threshold (VT1) | CT | – | 30 min | 40% of 1RM | 3 × 10 reps | Not reported | 3 × 10 reps | Not reported |
Jimeno-Almazan et al. 2022 | [27] | Yes | Not reported | 70–80% of HRR vs. 55–65% of HRR | IT | 4–6 × 3–5 min | 30 min | 50% of 1RM | 3 × 8 reps | NA | No adverse events | |
Li et al. 2022 | [28] | Not reported | Not reported | 40–60% of HRR | CT | – | 45–60 min | NA | NA | No adverse events | ||
Capin et al. 2022 | [29] | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | IT | 10 s to 5 min | Not reported | 8 RM | 1 × 8 reps | NA | No adverse events | |
McNarry et al. 2022 | [30] | Not reported | Not reported | NA | Not reported | – | NA | NA | > 80% of PImax | 6 × 6 reps | Not reported | |
Nopp et al. 2022 | [8] | Yes | Not reported | 30–70% PWR | IT | 60 Sec | 20 min | 8–15RM | 3 × 8–15 reps | 80% PImax | 1 × 20 reps | No adverse events |
Contreras-Briceno et al. 2022 | [31] | Yes | Not reported | 30–60% of HRR | CT | – | 40–60 min | NA | NA | Not reported | ||
Hockele et al. 2022 | [32] | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | CT | – | 20 min | „Light to intense “ | 3 × 10 reps | 30% PImax | – | Not reported |
Teixeira do Amaral et al. 2022 | [33] | Not reported | Not reported | Borg 11–13 (6–20 scale) | CT | – | 30 min | Borg 15–17 (6–20 scale) | 3 × 15–20 reps | NA | No adverse events | |
Palau et al. 2022 | [34] | Not reported | Not reported | NA | NA | 30% PImax | 20 min | No adverse events | ||||
Estebanez-Pérez et al. 2022 | [35] | Yes | Not reported | Not reported | CT | – | 20–30 min | Not reported | 3 × 8–12 reps | NA | No adverse events | |
Rutkowski et al. 2022 | [36] | Yes | Not reported | 60–80% of submaximal HR | CT | – | 30 min | Not reported | NA | Not reported | ||
Corna et al. 2022 | [37] | Not reported | Not reported | 55–85% of peak HR | CT | – | 20 min | NA | NA | No adverse events | ||
Vitacca et al. 2022 | [38] | Yes | Not reported | 70%PWR or 100% / 40% PWR | CT and IT | – | – | NA | NA | No adverse events | ||
Asimakos et al. 2023 | [39] | Yes | Not reported | 50% PWR | IT | 30 Sec | 30 min | 60–70% of 1RM | 3 × 10 reps | NA | No adverse events | |
Ostrowska et al. 2023 | [40] | Yes | Not reported | Not reported | – | – | Not reported | – | – | NA | Not reported | |
Jimeno-Almazan et al. 2023 | [41] | Yes | Not reported | 70–80% of HRR vs. 55–65% of HRR | CT and IT | – | – | – | – | NA | No adverse events | |
Spielmanns et al. 2023 | [42] | Not reported | Not reported | 55–70% of peak HR | IT | 30–60 s | 10–30 min | 12 RM | 3 × 12 reps | NA | Not reported | |
Colas et al. 2023 | [43] | Not reported | PEM was exclusion criteria | Not reported | 90 min | Not reported | Not reported | NA | Not reported | |||
Alsharidah et al. 2023 | [44] | Not reported | Not reported | 60–80% of peak HR | CT | 20–30 min | 10 RM | 3 × 10 reps | NA | No adverse events | ||
Ghasemi et al. 2023 | [45] | Not reported | Not reported | NA | NA | 65–75% of 1RM | 12–15 reps | NA | Not reported | |||
Minko et al. 2023 | [46] | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | CT and IT | Not reported | 90 min | 70–85% of 1RM | 8–12 reps | NA | Not reported | |
Espinoza-Bravo et al. 2023 | [47] | Yes | Not reported | Borg dyspnea score 4 (0–10 scale) | CT | 25–45 min | Not reported | 2–3 × 10 reps | NA | No adverse events | ||
Mooren et al. 2023 | [48] | Yes | Not reported | 50% or 60%/30% PWR | CT and IT | 50–100 s | 18 min | NA | NA | NA | Not reported | |
Del Corral et al. 2023 | [49] | Yes | Not reported | NA | NA | NA | NA | 20–80% PImax | 6–10 reps | No adverse events | ||
Rodriguez-Blanco et al. 2023 | [50] | Yes | Not reported | NA | NA | Not reported | 12 reps | NA | Not reported | |||
Romanet et al. 2023 | [51] | Yes | Not reported | 60–70% of PWR or Borg dyspnea 4–6 (0–10 scale) | CT | 15–60 min | Training until muscle fatigue | 4 × 6–12 reps | NA | Not reported | ||
Kerling et al. 2024 | [52] | Yes | Not reported | 60–75% of peak HR | CT | Not reported | Not reported | NA | Not reported | |||
Pietranis et al. 2024 | [53] | Yes | Not reported | 45–55% of peak HR or 70–80% of peak HR | CT and IT | 120–240 s | 15–45 min | Not reported | 8–12 reps | 45–80% of PImax | 6 × 6 reps | No adverse events |