Table 4 Effects of interval training using passive recovery on physical fitness and physiological adaptations in trained and untrained individuals
Study | Participants (number/age/sex) | Intervention | Physical fitness and physiological adaptations (unit) | Data | % Changes (p value) | Effect size (Cohen’s d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
before | after | ||||||
Trained individuals | |||||||
Ben Abderrahman et al. [4] | 24 male physical education students/20.4 ± 0.6 | 2 set x (8 rep x 30sIE) 100% MAV with 5 min recovery | VO2max (ml.min−1.kg−1) MAV (km.h−1) | 58.6 ± 4.2 15.5 ± 1.0 | 60.35 ± 4.7 16.5 ± 1.1 | 2.88 (p < 0.001) 6.4 (p < 0.001) | 0.38 0.95 |
Fransson et al. [47] | 39 elite male soccer players/21.1 ± 2.4 | The drill was performed as a time trial drill in 30-s intervals separated by 150 s of passive recovery. The number of exercise intervals was six during the first intervention week, eight during the second and third weeks, and ten during the fourth week | Yo–Yo (m) Lactate (mmol.L−1) | 222 ± 113 2.6 ± 1.9 | 323 ± 125 3.4 ± 1.7 | 45.49 (p < 0.05) 30.76 (p < 0.05) | 0.85 0.44 |
Arslan et al. [48] | 20 young male soccer players/14.2 ± 0.5 | Intermittent running at 90–95% of players VIFT for 15 s (around the pitch), followed by 15 s of passive recovery | VO2max (ml.min−1.kg−1) CMJ (cm) YYIRTL-1 (m) | 46.8 ± 0.6 28.2 ± 2.0 1240 ± 75 | 48.9 ± 0.9 30.6 ± 1.8 1484 ± 74 | 4.4 (p ≤ 0.05) 8.51 (p ≤ 0.05) 19.6 (p ≤ 0.05) | 2.61 1.26 3.27 |
Aschendorf et al. [49] | 24 females’ basketball players/15.1 ± 1.1 | Two t types of HIIT sessions: Session A consisting of 4 × 4 HIIT with 3 min of recovery. Session B consisting of 2 × 30 s HIIT with 15 s recovery | YYIRTL-1 (m) CMJ (cm) | 1498 ± 266 26.5 ± 3.3 | 1895 ± 421 27.0 ± 3.6 | 26.5 (p = 0.34) 1.8 (p = 0.10) | 1.13 0.05 |
Wiewelhove et al. [26] | 26 males intermittent sport (i.e., soccer, handball, basketball, hockey, floorball, tennis)/23.5 ± 2.5 | Straight-line runs at 95–100%vV˙O2 with 2–4 min of rest | VO2max (ml.min−1.kg−1) LT (mmol.L−1) | 55.5 ± 4.2 12.5 ± 1.1 | 55.0 ± 3.6 12.8 ± 1.4 | 0.9 (p < 0.001) 0.024 (p < 0.05) | 0.13 0.27 |
Menz et al. [50] | 15 moderately trained healthy male and female/25.6 ± 2.6 | Running HIIT (3–4 sets; 8 × 20 s, 10 s rest; set rest: 5 min)/functional HIIT executed with their own body weight (3–4 sets; 8 × 20 s, 10 s rest; set rest: 5 min) | VO2max (ml.min−1.kg−1) HRmax (rpm) | 47.8 ± 5.6 187 ± 10 | 54.1 ± 5.6 184 ± 10 | 13.17 (p = 0.011) 1.6 (p ≤ 0.001) | 1.13 0.42 |
Untrained individuals | |||||||
Alizadeh and Safarzade[51] | 14 sedentary overweight male students/18.0 ± 1.5 | 30 s of all out exercise and 30 s of rest | Body weight (kg) BMI (kg.m−2) Body fat (%) | 83.7 ± 3.6 27.8 ± 0.6 23.7 ± 3.0 | 80.4 ± 3.6 25.2 ± 0.7 20.3 ± 3.0 | 3.94 (p = 0.001) 9.35 (p = 0.002) 14.3 (p = 0.007) | 0.87 3.99 0.33 |
Jabbour et al. [52] | 30 sedentary healthy male and female/38 | 6 repetitions of SCT intervals with 2 min of passive recovery between each repetition. Each SCT repetition lasted 6 s, and participants were asked to pedal at maximal velocity against the resistance for 15 min | VO2max (ml.min−1.kg−1) BMI (kg.m−2) Systolic BP (cmHg) Diastolic BP (cmHg) Hematocrit (%) | 26.9 ± 1.4 30.1 ± 1.2 114.5 ± 2 78.3 ± 1.6 40.4 ± 3.1 | 27.2 ± 1.2 29.9 ± 1.2 109.1 ± 2.2 71.6 ± 1.6 39.9 ± 2.1 | 1.1 (p = 0.11) 0.66 (p = 0.11) 4.71 (p = < 0.001) 8.5 (p < 0.001) 1.2 (p = 0.13) | 0.23 0.17 1.49 4.19 0.19 |
Kong et al. [53] | 18 inactive overweight and obese females/19.8 ± 0.8 | 60 repetitions of high-intensity interval exercise (8 s cycling and 12 s passive recovery) on a cycle ergometer for 20 min | VO2max (ml.min−1.kg−1) PPO (watts) | 34.1 ± 5.7 134.2 ± 23.7 | 36.6 ± 6.6 150.2 ± 24.2 | 7.33 (p = 0.006) 11.9 (p < 0.001) | 0.41 0.41 |
Buckley et al. [54] | 28 recreationally active females/25.1 ± 5.6 | Row-HIIT and MM-HIIT group performed 60 s of all-out intensity rowing followed by 3 min of rest (passive recovery) for a total of 6 rounds | VO2max (ml.min−1.kg−1) AT (watts) | 36.2 ± 5.7 27.2 ± 6.7 | 38.5 ± 5.4 29.7 ± 5.7 | 6.3 (p = 0.99) 9.1 (p = 0.09) | 0.41 0.40 |
Evangelista et al. [55] | 25 active healthy adults/28.7 ± 4.9 | 20 sets of 30 s all-out exercise and 30 s of passive recovery between sets | Horizontal jump (min) Push Ups | 1.6 ± 0.3 27.8 ± 13.9 | 1.7 ± 0.3 34.3 ± 12.8 | 6.2 (p = 0.02) 23.38 (p = 0.02) | 0.33 0.49 |
Moro et al. [56] | 21 young healthy males and females/22.1 ± 1.9 | HIIRT: first set of 6 repetitions at 80% 1RM followed by a 20″ rest; then, subjects were asked to lift the same weight until failure (habitually 2 or 3 repetitions) followed by another 20″ rest period with repetitions to fatigue | VO2max (ml.min−1.kg−1) PPO (watts) Squat jump (sec) | 41.4 ± 11.3 196.1 ± 52.4 0.32 ± 0.10 | 44.5 ± 9.1 213.0 ± 53.4 0.36 ± 0.08 | 7.3 (p > 0.05) 8.6 (p > 0.05) 12.5 (p = 0.02) | 0.3 0.32 0.44 |
Martínez-Rodríguez et al. [57] | 14 active, normal-weight females/27 ± 6 | 3 × 10 repetitions of 30 s of aerobic exercises all out (cycling, rowing, and running) interspersed by 30 s of rest (Passive recovery) | CMJ (cm) | 17.5 ± 4.3 | 18.5 ± 3.9 | 5.7 (p < 0.001) | 0.24 |