Fig. 5

Forest plot showing the effects of balance training interventions on neural adaptations in 508 participants, 17 studies and 62 outcomes (the open diamond symbol reflects the pooled effect size: g = 0.79, 95% CI 0.306–1.278, p < 0.01, I² = 82%). Positive effect sizes denote favorable effects of balance training on neural adaptation outcomes. GM Gray matter, rMT Resting motor threshold, MEP motor-evoked potential, SICI Short intracortical inhibition, LICI Long intracortical inhibition, ICF Intracortical facilitation, TA Tibialis anterior, SOL Soleus, DFL Dorsal flexion, PFL Plantarflexion, PERf Perturbation forward, PERb Perturbation backwards, BDNF Brain-derived neurotrophic factor