Are We Jumping to the Wrong Conclusions? Longer Jumps and More Hops in Female Football Players Who Went on to Sustain a Primary or Secondary ACL Injury Compared to Those Who Did Not

Fältström, Anne; Kvist, Joanna; Hägglund, Martin

doi:10.1186/s40798-023-00656-7

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 2 Hop test results and group differences between players who went on to sustain or did not sustain a new anterior cruciate ligament injury in female football players with (n = 117) a previous primary ACL reconstruction

From: Are We Jumping to the Wrong Conclusions? Longer Jumps and More Hops in Female Football Players Who Went on to Sustain a Primary or Secondary ACL Injury Compared to Those Who Did Not

	Females with ACL reconstruction
	No new ACL injury (n = 89)	New ACL injury
	No new ACL injury (n = 89)	Rerupture or CACL (n = 28)	Rerupture (n = 21)	CACL (n = 7)	Mean difference^a (95% CI)	P value^a	Cohen’s d
Single hop for distance, cm
Uninvolved limb	122 ± 18	128 ± 21	127 ± 21	132 ± 23	− 6 (− 14 to 2)	0.134	− 0.33
ACL reconstructed limb	120 ± 19	127 ± 23	124 ± 22	135 ± 24	− 7 (− 15 to 1)	0.102	− 0.36
Height adjusted (jump length/height)
Uninvolved limb	0.73 ± 0.11	0.77 ± 0.13	0.74 ± 0.14	0.79 ± 0.11	− 0.04 (− 0.09 to 0.01)	0.093	− 0.37
ACL reconstructed limb	0.71 ± 0.11	0.76 ± 0.13	0.76 ± 0.13	0.80 ± 0.11	− 0.05 (− 0.10 to 0.00)	0.071	− 0.40
5-Jump test, cm
Both limbs	865 ± 88	922 ± 116	904 ± 113	976 ± 117	− 57 (− 98 to − 16)	0.007	− 0.60
Height adjusted (jump length/height)
Both limbs	5.15 ± 0.52	5.52 ± 0.67	5.41 ± 0.70	5.82 ± 0.47	− 0.37 (− 0.61 to − 0.13)	0.003	− 0.66
Side hop, n
Uninvolved limb	36 ± 13	42 ± 15	39 ± 14	47 ± 15	− 6 (− 12 to − 0)	0.049	− 0.43
ACL reconstructed limb^b	33 ± 13	41 ± 17	39 ± 18	48 ± 13	− 9 (− 15 to − 2)	0.007	− 0.60
Height adjusted (number of hops/height)
Uninvolved limb	0.21 ± 0.08	0.25 ± 0.09	0.24 ± 0.09	0.28 ± 0.08	− 0.04 (− 0.07 to − 0.00)	0.042	− 0.45
ACL reconstructed limb	0.20 ± 0.08	0.25 ± 0.10	0.23 ± 0.11	0.29 ± 0.08	− 0.05 (− 0.09 to − 0.01)	0.006	− 0.60
Limb symmetry index, %
Single hop for distance	98 ± 8	99 ± 9	98 ± 10	102 ± 7	− 1 (− 4 to 3)	0.630	− 0.11
Side hop	93 ± 20	98 ± 19	95 ± 19	104 ± 16	− 4 (− 13 to 4)	0.297	− 0.23

Data are means ± standard deviation. Cohen’s d with effect size limits: 0.2, small effect; 0.5, medium effect; 0.8, large effect. P values in bold type are significant
ACL anterior cruciate ligament, CACL contralateral rupture
^aComparisons between no new ACL injury (n = 89) and rerupture or CACL (n = 28) using Student’s t test
^bOne player did not jump on her ACL reconstructed limb and was therefore not included in the analysis

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