Comparative Study of the Long-Term Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Nutritional Practices Among International Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes: A Sample of 1420 Participants from 14 Countries

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 3 Summary statistics for the DASS-21 and REAP-S in athletes (n = 1420)

		Elite (n = 569)			Sub-elite (n = 851)			Total athletes (n = 1420)			t (p value)	effect size
Scale	Subscales	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range
DASS-21	Depression	8.78	9.37	0–36	10.35	9.88	0–36	9.72	9.71	0–36	2.99*	− 0.48
	Anxiety	8.86	9.31	0–42	10.27	9.75	0–42	9.71	9.60	0–42	2.72*	− 0.43
	Stress	9.89	9.34	0–36	11.99	10.01	0–36	11.15	9.79	0–36	4.0*	− 0.53
	Total scale	27.53	26.15	0–114	32.62	27.61	0–114	30.58	27.2	0–114	3.47*	− 0.54
REAP-S		23.69	7.44	0–28	24.69	7.48	0–39	24.29	7.48	0–39	2.48*	− 0.51

DASS-21 Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21. REAP-S Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Patients. SD Standard deviation. Scores on the DASS-21 are multiplied by 2 to calculate the final scores. *p value < .05 (independent t tests between Elite and Sub-elite athletes)