Table 1 Characteristics of participating children at baseline and at the 5-year follow-up
From: Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children from 4 to 9 Years of Age
Cross-sectional analyses | Longitudinal analyses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Follow-up | |||||
n | Value | n | Value | n | Value | |
Age (year) | 411 | 9.5 (0.1) | 231 | 4.5 (0.1) | 231 | 9.6 (0.1) |
Height (cm) | 411 | 139.4 (6.1) | 231 | 107.6 (4.3) | 231 | 139.7 (6.3) |
Weight (kg) | 411 | 33.2 (6.8) | 231 | 18.3 (2.5) | 231 | 33.6 (7.1) |
Mother BMI (kg/m2) | 400 | 24.5 (4.1) | 231 | 24.0 (3.9) | 227 | 24.7 (4.3) |
Weight status n (%) | 411 | 231 | 231 | |||
Underweight | 45 (10.9) | 21 (9.1) | 22 (9.5) | |||
Normal weight | 313 (76.4) | 192 (83.1) | 176 (76.2) | |||
Overweight | 45 (10.9) | 15 (6.5) | 29 (12.6) | |||
Obesity | 8 (1.3) | 3 (1.3) | 4 (1.7) | |||
Mother education n (%) | 411 | 231 | 231 | |||
University or higher | 321 (78.1) | 172 (74.5) | 47 (20.3) | |||
Below university | 90 (21.9) | 59 (25.5) | 184 (79.7) | |||
CVD risk factors | ||||||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 409 | 111 (9) | 230 | 111 (9) | ||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 409 | 69 (6) | 230 | 68 (6) | ||
Glucose (mmol/l)a | 173 | 5.1 (0.4) | 86 | 5.1 (0.3) | ||
Insulin (mmol/l)b | 169 | 7.4 (3.8) | 85 | 7.4 (4.0) | ||
HOMA-IR | 166 | 1.7 (0.9) | 84 | 1.7 (1.0) | ||
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)a | 175 | 4.2 (0.7) | 87 | 4.2 (0.6) | ||
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)a | 175 | 2.2 (0.6) | 87 | 2.2 (0.6) | ||
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)a | 175 | 1.7 (0.4) | 87 | 1.7 (0.4) | ||
Triglycerides (mmol/l)a | 175 | 0.6 (0.2) | 87 | 0.7 (0.3) | ||
Waist circumference (cm) | 411 | 64.4 (7.3) | 231 | 65.1 (7.6) | ||
MetS score (z score) | 173 | 0.0 (1.0) | 85 | 0.0 (1.0) | ||