Table 3 Comparison of the depression (PHQ-9) [28], generalised anxiety disorder (GAD-7) [30] and eating disorder (EDE-QS) [32] scores of male and female dancers with different characteristics
Variable | Female dancers | Male dancers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | EDE-QS | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | EDE-QS | |
Category (n of female / n of male dancers) | Comparison Mean (sd) | Comparison Mean (sd) | Comparison Mean (sd) | Comparison Mean (sd) | Comparison Mean (sd) | Comparison Mean (sd) |
Size of the company | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 |
  < 20 dancers (16/12) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 20–50 dancers (15/14) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 > 50 dancers (50/37) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Type of dance | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 Ballet (60/47) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Contemporary (8/5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Revue (13/14) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Age of dancer | p ≥ 0.050 | F = 3.6; p = 0.033 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 18–24 years (30/14) |  | 6.6 (6.2) |  |  |  |  |
 25–29 years (28/29) |  | 4.0 (3.7) |  |  |  |  |
 30–42 years (23/20) |  | 3.4 (3.8) |  |  |  |  |
Rank of dancer | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 Principal dancer/Soloist (20/19) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Others (59/44) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | F = 4.2; p = 0.018 | F = 3.4; p = 0.039 | p ≥ 0.050 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
 > 18.5 (44/63) | 2.8 (3.0) | 3.8 (3.4) |  |  |  |  |
 17.5–18.5 (24/0) | 5.4 (5.0) | 6.7 (6.6) |  |  |  |  |
 < 17.5 (9/0) | 2.6 (2.4) | 3.3 (3.4) |  |  |  |  |
Severity of musculoskeletal pain# | F = 10.0; p < 0.001 | F = 10.0; p < 0.001 | p ≥ 0.050 | F = 16.9; p < 0.001 | F = 8.3; p ≤ 0.001 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 No or mild (0–3 NRS) (45/40) | 2.3 (3.2) | 2.8 (3.4) |  | 1.5 (1.5) | 2.1 (2.6) |  |
 Moderate (5–6 NRS) (25/15) | 4.8 (3.2) | 7.2 (4.9) |  | 3.4 (3.0) | 3.2 (3.9) |  |
 Severe (7–10 NRS) (10/7) | 7.4 (5.7) | 7.8 (7.4) |  | 7.9 (6.0) | 7.9 (6.1) |  |
Chronic/recur. musculoskeletal pain | F = 8.1; p = 0.006 | F = 8.4; p = 0.005 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 No (15/14) | 1.2 (1.8) | 1.6 (1.4) |  |  |  |  |
 Yes (66/49) | 4.3 (4.1) | 5.5 (5.2) |  |  |  |  |
Sleep problems (ASSQ) | F = 8.2; p = 0.005 | p ≥ 0.050 | F = 5.6; p = 0.020 | F = 22.0; p < 0.001 | F = 15.4; p < 0.001 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 No/mild (67/51) | 3.2 (3.6) |  | 5.4 (6.6) | 1.8 (1.8) | 2.2 (2.7) |  |
 Moderate/severe (14/12) | 6.4 (4.4) |  | 10.1 (7.4) | 6.2 (5.6) | 6.5 (5.7) |  |
Symptoms of depression | n/a | F = 76.4; p < 0.001 | p ≥ 0.050 | n/a | F = 54.9; p < 0.001 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 No or mild (PHQ-9 < 10) (72/59) |  | 3.6 (3.5) |  |  | 2.3 (2.7) |  |
 Moderate or severe (PHQ-9 >  = 10) (9/4) |  | 14.6 (3.6) |  |  | 13.0 (4.5) |  |
Symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder | F = 78.8; p < 0.001 | n/a | F = 4.7; p = 0.033 | F = 57.3; p < 0.001 | n/a | p ≥ 0.050 |
 No or mild (GAD-7 < 10) (68/59) | 2.5 (2.4) |  | 5.5 (6.6) | 2.1 (2.2) |  |  |
 Moderate or severe (GAD-7 >  = 10) (13/4) | 10.1 (4.4) |  | 9.9 (7.5) | 11.5 (5.0) |  |  |
Symptoms of eating disorders | F = 4.2; p = 0.044 | p ≥ 0.050 | n/a | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | n/a |
 No (EDE-QS < 15) (69/62) | 3.3 (3.9) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes (EDE-QS >  = 15) (12/4) | 5.8 (3.8) |  |  |  |  |  |
Chronic/recurrent low mood | F = 19.5; p < 0.001 | F = 11.0; p < 0.001 | p ≥ 0.050 | F = 34.6; p < 0.001 | F = 17.1; p < 0.001 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 No (73/56) | 3.1 (3.3) | 4.2 (4.3) |  | 1.9 (1.9) | 2.4 (2.7) |  |
 Yes (8/7) | 9.0 (5.8) | 10.0 (7.3) |  | 8.3 (6.2) | 8.0 (7.1) |  |
Chronic/recurrent generalised anxiety | F = 40.1; p < 0.001 | F = 75.6; p < 0.001 | F = 5.1; p = 0.026 | F = 23.6; p < 0.001 | F = 24.0; p < 0.001 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 No (53/52) | 2.1 (2.0) | 2.3 (2.0) | 5.0 (5.4) | 1.8 (1.9) | 2.1 (2.6) |  |
 Yes (28/11) | 6.9 (4.8) | 9.5 (5.4) | 8.5 (8.8) | 6.5 (5.6) | 7.4 (5.5) |  |
Diagnosed with depression, anxiety, burnout or similar | F = 6.0; p = 0.004 | F = 11.4; p < 0.001 | F = 3.5; p = 0.034 | F = 11.4; p < 0.001 | F = 12.3; p < 0.001 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 No (56/44) | 2.8 (3.3) | 3.4 (4.2) | 5.0 (5.8) | 2.0 (2.5) | 2.2 (2.9) |  |
 Previously (15/8) | 6.1 (4.4) | 7.9 (5.4) | 7.0 (7.0) | 2.6 (1.8) | 3.4 (2.7) |  |
 Currently (7/4) | 6.0 (5.7) | 10.1 (4.3) | 11.4 (7.8) | 9.3 (7.1) | 10.5 (6.8) |  |
Feel you should lose weight | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | F = 48.0; p < 0.001 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | F = 49.0; p < 0.001 |
 No (42/53) |  |  | 2.2 (2.9) |  |  | 2.4 (2.9) |
 Yes (37/13) |  |  | 10.8 (7.5) |  |  | 9.5 (4.6) |
Currently trying to lose weight | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | F = 53.5; p < 0.001 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 | F = 64.5; p < 0.001 |
 No (52/53) |  |  | 3.0 (3.5) |  |  | 2.1 (2.4) |
 Yes (28/ 13) |  |  | 12.3 (7.8) |  |  | 10.2 (4.8) |
Diagnosed with eating disorder | F = 3.9; p = 0.026 | F = 3.7; p = 0.030 | F = 14.8; p < 0.001 | F = 8.4; p = 0.005 | n p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 No (59/52) | 3.1 (3.6) | 3.9 (4.3) | 4.7 (4.9) | 2.3 (3.0) |  |  |
 Previously (15/1) | 5.1 (4.6) | 7.0 (6.3) | 7.9 (8.5) | 11.0 (–) |  |  |
 Currently (4/0) | 7.5 (3.1) | 8.3 (4.3) | 21.3 (10.1) |  |  |  |
Need for psychotherapeutic support | F = 6.6; p = 0.002 | F = 7.4; p = 0.002 | F = 8.8; p < 0.001 | F = 4.3; p = 0.017 | p ≥ 0.050 | p ≥ 0.050 |
 No (27/26) | 2.0 (2.0) | 2.5 (3.3) | 4.4 (0.8) | 1.4 (1.7) |  |  |
 Previously (30/21) | 3.8 (4.2) | 4.9 (5.2) | 6.1 (1.1) | 2.9 (2.7) |  |  |
 Currently (23/16) | 5.8 (4.5) | 7.5 (5.1) | 8.3 (1.7) | 4.4 (5.1) |  |  |