Table 1 Studies investigating changes in body composition markers following exercise training in hypoxia compared to normoxia in middle-aged and older adults
Study | Participant Characteristics | Intervention | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (M/F) | Age | BMI | Duration | Frequency | Type | Exercise intensity | Hypoxia severity/duration per session | Type of hypoxia | Outcome | |||
HYP | NOR | HYP | NOR | |||||||||
Abdallah et al. [52] | 16 (10/6) | 15 (13/2) | 51.0 ± 8.3 | 52.0 ± 7.5 | H:31.5 ± 4.0 N:32.4 ± 4.8 | 8wks | 3days/wk | High-intensity interval training | 80% Wpeak (HYP)/ 100% Wpeak (NOR) | FiO2 =  ~ 12%/35-48min | Normobaric | BMI, LM, FM |
Allsopp et al. [42] | 10 (6/4) | 10 (6/4) | 65.9 ± 1.1 | 64.0 ± 0.8 | H: 24.9 ± 1.1 N: 23.9 ± 0.8 | 8wks | 2days/wk | Resistance | 70% 1RM | FiO2 = 14.4%/60min | Normobaric | BMI, LM, FM (total, leg, arm, trunk) |
Camacho et al. [49] | 10 (3/7) | 11 (6/5) | 73.5 ± 4.7 | 70.2 ± 6.4 | H: 28.9 ± 4.2 N: 29.5 ± 4.8 | 18wks | 2days/wk | Whole-body vibration | 2.54 G12.6 Hz/4 mm | FiO2 = 16.2%/16min | Normobaric | LM% (total, trunk, right leg) |
Camacho et al. [50] | 9 (2/7) | 10 (5/5) | 72.6 ± 3.6 | 68.8 ± 5.3 | H: 28.3 ± 4.4 N: 27.8 ± 5.8 | 18wks | 2days/wk | Whole-body vibration | 12.6 Hz/4 mm | FiO2 = 16.2%/21min | Normobaric | LM |
Chacaroun et al. [43] | 12 (11/1) | 11 (8/3) | 52.0 ± 12.0 | 56.0 ± 11.0 | H: 31.2 ± 2.4 N: 31.8 ± 3.2 | 8wks | 3days/wk | Aerobic | 75% HRmax | FiO2 =  ~ 13.0%/45min | Normobaric | BMI, LM/ LM%, FM/ FM% |
Hanneset al. [53] | 16 (4/12) | 16 (6/10) | 50.3 ± 10.3 | 52.4 ± 7.9 | H: 37.9 ± 8.1 N: 36.3 ± 4.0 | 8months | 2days/wk | Aerobic | 65–70% HRmax | FiO2 =  ~ 14.0%/180min | Normobaric | BMI, MM%, FM% |
Nishiwaki et al. [48] | 7 (0/7) | 7 (0/7) | 56.0 ± 1.0 | 56.0 ± 1.0 |  > 24.0 | 8wks | 4days/wk | Aerobic | 50% V̇O2peak | Simulation of 2000 m (~ 600 mmHg)/ 120min | Hypobaric | BMI, LM, BF (subcutaneous, preperitoneal, total%) |
Park et al. [51] | 12 (12/0) | 12 (12/0) | 66.5 ± 0.9 | 66.5 ± 0.7 | H: 26.0 ± 0.6 N: 25.6 ± 0.4 | 12wks | 3days/wk | Aerobic + Resistance | 60%-70% HRmax/60%-70% 1RM | FiO2 = 15.0%/90-120min | Normobaric | LM, BF% |
Pramsohler et al. [41] | 19 (7/12) | 16 (5/11) | 80.2 ± 7.2 | 82.0 ± 7.8 | H: 25.2 ± 5.3 N: 25.8 ± 5.7 | 3wks | 7days/3wks | Aerobic | 80% eV̇O2peak | FiO2 = 15.3%/30min | Normobaric | BMI |
Timon et al. [40] | 17 (NR) | 18 (NR) | 68.5 ± 3.8 | 70.4 ± 3.3 | H: 26.4 ± 3.3 N: 27.1 ± 3.9 | 24wks | 3days/wk | Resistance | RPE 6–8 | FiO2 = 16.1%/45min | Normobaric | LM, FM |
Törpel et al. [35] | 19 (9/10) | 17 (9/8) | 68.1 ± 4.6 | 67.8 ± 4.1 | H: 27.6 ± 4.2 N: 26.9 ± 3.6 | 5wks | 4days/wk | Resistance | 40% 1RM | SpO2 =  ~ 80–85%/180min | Normobaric | LM, FM |
Wiesner et al. [37] | 24 (10/14) | 21 (8/13) | 42.2 ± 1.2 | 42.1 ± 1.7 | H: 33.1 ± 0.3 N: 32.5 ± 0.8 | 4wks | 3days/wk | Aerobic | 65% V̇O2max | FiO2 = 15%/60min | Normobaric | BMI, LM%, FM% |