Table 1 Included studies
Study | Participants (n) | Mean age (SD) [range] | Mean BMI (SD) [range] | Female (%) | Selection criteria | Eligible joint loading activityb | Eligible joint loading intensityb | Eligible joint load duration (min)b | Eligible MRI outcome pre- & post-loading activityb | MRI Tesla (T) | ROI (n)b | Eligible comp-artmentb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen et al. [65]a | 23 | 25 [23–30] | 20.3 [16–24.8] | 52 | Healthy adults 23–30 yrs | Walk | 6.1 km/hr | 30 | T2 relaxation time, T2* relaxation time | 3.0T | 23 | Patellar Tibial Femoral |
Collins et al. [39] | 15 Healthy BMI: 8 High BMI: 7 | Healthy BMI: 30 [22–45] High BMI: 32 [22–45] | Healthy BMI: 22.8 [18–25] High BMI: 32.8 [30–36] | Healthy BMI: 38 High BMI: 57 | No history lower limb injury/surgery/OA symptoms | Walk | Fr = 0.25 (mean 5.47 km/hr) | 20 | Thickness | 3.0T | 2 | Tibial Femoral |
Cotofana et al. [40] | 30 Healthy: 11 OA-KL2: 10 OA-KL3: 9 | Healthy: 52 (7) OA-KL2: 56 (5) OA-KL3: 58 (4) | NR | 100 | Healthy: KL0; no history pain/stiff and WOMAC = 0 OA-KL2 or 3: no history surgery or injection | Simulated stand within scanner | 50% BW | 45 | Thickness | 3.0T | 4 | Tibial Femoral |
Crook et al. [41] | 8 | 35 [22–48] | 24.8 [21.9–27.9] | 25 | Healthy knee & ACLD knee: No history other knee injury/surgery/OA symptoms/FT cartilage defect/meniscal tear | Walk | 4.0 km/hr | 20 | Thickness | 3.0T | 4 | Tibial Femoral |
Cutcliffe et al. [42] | 11 | 25 [22–32] | 22.1 [19.8–24.9] | 55 | No history lower limb injury/smoking | Walk | Fr = 0.25 (mean 5.47 km/hr) | 30 | Thickness | 3.0T | 1 | Tibial |
Eckstein et al. [45] | 7 | [23–32] | NR | 43 | Healthy | Knee bends | 100 reps (90° knee flexion) | 3 | Volume | 1.5T | 1 | Patellar |
Eckstein et al. [44] | 12 | 25 [22–30] | NR | 50 | Healthy | Knee bends | Knee bends: 30 reps (120° knee flexion) | 1 | Volume | 1.5T | 1 | Patellar |
Eckstein et al. [43] | 50 Gp 1: 12 Gp 2: 10 Gp 3: 14 Gp 4: 7 Gp 5: 7 | Gp 1: 25 [22–30] Gp 2: [18–37] Gp 3: 25 (2) Gp 4: 23 (3) Gp 5: 29 (4) | NR | Gp 1: 43 Gp 2: 50 Gp 3: 0 Gp 4: 0 Gp 5: 0 | Gp 1: NR Gp 2: NR Gp 3: Untrained Gp 4: Weightlifters Gp 5: Bobsleigh sprinters | Gp 1: Walk, run, cycle Gp 2: Single-leg knee bends, Single leg drop jumps Gp 3–5: Knee bends | Gp 1:NR Walk: level Run: 200 m Cycle: 80 Hz Gp 2: Single leg knee bends: 30 reps, (120° knee flexion), 200% BW Single leg drop jumps: 10 reps (from 40 cm height) Gp 3–5: Single leg knee bends: 30 reps, (120° knee flexion) | Gp 1: Walk: 5 Run: NR Cycle: 10 Gp 2: Single leg knee bends:1 Single leg drop jumps: NR Gp 3–5: 1 | Volume | 1.5T | Gp 1: 1 Gp 2: 4 Gp 3–5: 1 | Gp 1: Patellar Gp 2: Tibial Femoral Gp 3–5: Patellar |
Farrokhi et al. [46] | 20 Healthy: 10 PFP: 10 | Healthy: 27 (4) PFP: 28 (4) | NR | 100 | Healthy: age/height/weight-matched with no history knee pain/surgery/dislocation/neurological disorder PFP: retropatellar pain of insidious onset & no history peripatellar pain/knee surgery/dislocation/neurological disorder | Knee bends | 50 reps (110°) plus 25% BW | 1.8 | Thickness, T2 relaxation time | 3.0T | 2 | Patellar |
Gatti et al. [47]1 | 15 | 26 (4) | 23.7 (2.6) | 0 | Healthy men | Cycle | 80 rpm | 46 | Thickness, volume, T2 relaxation time | 3.0T | 4 | Tibial Femoral |
Hatcher et al. [66]3 | 6 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4.0 km/hr | 20 | T1ρ relaxation time | 3.0T | 2 | Medial & lateral tibiofemoral |
Hesper et al. [76] | 9 | 27 (4) | 22.9 (1.6) | 44 | Asymptomatic volunteers | Squats | 50 reps | NR | T2* relaxation time | 3.0T | 2 | Hip |
Ho et al. [48] | 19 Healthy: 10 OA: 9 | Healthy: 55 (2) OA: 56 (5) | Healthy: 25.5 (3.0) OA: 32.4 (4.4) | Healthy: 50 OA: 44 | Adults 50–65 yrs | Walk | 4.8–6.4 km/hr | 30 | Thickness | 3.0T | 2 | Femoral |
Horng et al. [19] | 10 | 23 (1) | 22.0 (2.0) | 50 | Healthy volunteers; no elite athletes, no trauma/chronic disease requiring immobilisation, no previous knee pain/surgery | Knee bends | 50 reps (> 90° knee flexion) | 10 | Thickness | 3.0T | 4 | Patellar Tibial Femoral |
Hudelmaier et al. [49] | 23 | F: 61 (10) M: 60 (5) | NR | 52 | Asymptomatic subjects 50–78 yrs; no history knee surgery/pain/trauma | Knee bends | 30 reps (120° knee flexion) | NR | Thickness | 1.5T | 1 | Patellar |
Jogi et al. [50] | 9 | NR | NR | 0 | Healthy no history knee injury or pathology | Simulated stand supine in scanner | 50% BW | NR | Thickness | 3.0T | 4 | Tibial Femoral |
Lad et al. [51] | 8 | 25 (22–30) | 22.3 (20.2–25.1) | 50 | Healthy adults no history injury/surgery either knee | Walk | 1.1 m/s | 20 | Thickness | 3.0T | 4 | Tibial Femoral |
Lange et al. [67] | 9 | 27 (2) | NR | 0 | Healthy subjects | Simulated squat within scanner | 20 kg (40° knee flexion) | NR | T2 relaxation time, T1ρ relaxation time | 3.0T | 1 | Patellar |
Lange et al. [52] | 14 | 29 (2) | 23.0 | 0 | Healthy subjects no history of knee pain or trauma | Simulated squat within scanner | 200 N (40° knee flexion) | NR | Thickness | 3.0T | 1 | Patellar |
Marsh et al. [53] | 25 Healthy: 8 OA-KL2: 9 OA-KL3: 8 | 55 (7) | 28.0 (2.2) | 100 | Females > 40 yrs Healthy: no history pain/stiffness most days past year/KL0 OA: history pain/stiff most days past month/KL2 or 3 | Simulated stand within scanner | 50% BW (15° knee flexion) | 10 | Thickness | 3.0T | 1 | Medial tibiofemoral |
Mayerhoefer et al. [68] | 10 | 27 (5) | NR | 30 | Asymptomatic volunteers, no history knee injury/surgery/focal MRI cartilage defects | Simulated stand within scanner | 50% BW | NR | T1 dGEMRIC | 3.0T | 6 | Tibial Femoral |
Nag et al. [69] | 26 | 52 (15) | NR | 46 | Asymptomatic subjects, no knee pain/symptoms last 3 yrs | Simulated single leg stand within scanner | 60 kg | 20 | T2 relaxation time | 1.5T | 12 | Tibial Femoral |
Niehoff et al. [54] | 14 | 23 (2) | 22.5 (1.8) | 50 | Healthy sedentary young adults (20–30 yrs; BMI 20–30 kg/m2), no history lower limb pain/symptoms/injury | Double leg drop jump | 100 reps (from 73 cm height) | 30 | Thickness, volume | 1.0T | 5 | Patellar Tibial Femoral |
Nishii et al. [55] | 22 | 25 [21–43] | 21.4 [18.0–29.7] | 59 | No history knee pain/stiffness/surgery | Simulated stand within scanner | 50% BW | 21 | Thickness, T2 relaxation time | 3.0T | 12 | Tibial Femoral |
Nishii et al. [75] | 24 Healthy: 9 Hip dysplasia:15 | Healthy: 28 [23–40] Hip dysplasia: 39 [24–50] | Healthy: 20.8 [18.9–23.2] Hip dysplasia: 21.9 [18.9–29.5] | 100 | Women Healthy: no hip pain/stiffness/limited ROM/gait disability, Hip dysplasia: CEA ≤ 24°, no surgery, class I subluxation, KL0-2 | Simulated stand within scanner | 50% BW | 19.5 | Thickness, T2 relaxation time | 3.0T | 12 | Weightbearing lateral hip |
Owusu-Akyaw et al. [56] | 8 (16 knees) Healthy knees: 8 ACLD knees: 8 | 31 [21–47] | 25.6 [21.7–34.7] | 0 | Male subjects with unilateral ACLD Healthy knee: clinically & radiologically intact ACL, no history injury ACLD knee: ACL injury, no reconstruction/other surgery | Hop | 60 reps (0.6 m horizontal distance) | NR | Thickness | 3.0T | 1 | Patellar |
Paranjape et al. [57] | 10 | 25 [22–27] | 22.1 [20.0–24.7] | 50 | Healthy young adults, no history lower limb pain/symptoms/injury | Walk | Fr = 0.25 (mean 5.47 km/hr) | 30 | Thickness | 3.0T | 3 | Tibial |
Schoenbauer et al. [70] | 9 | 31 (7) | NR | 33 | Healthy volunteers, no history knee pain/stiffness/surgery | Simulated stand within scanner | 125 N | 48 | T2 relaxation time | 3.0T | 4 | Tibial Femoral |
Schütz et al. [58]c | 4 (8 knees) | 33.0 | NR | 0 | Experienced alpine skiers with no relevant abnormalities on clinical or MRI examination | Alpine skiing | Category blue/red slopes | 1 h With/without damped ski binding | Thickness T2* relaxation time | 1.5T | 5 | Patellar Tibial Femoral |
Sitoci et al. [59] | 17 Sub-group: 8 | F: 22 (3) M: 24 (3) | F: 22.2 (2.2) M: 21.5 (2.1) | 47 | Healthy young subjects, no history knee symptoms/signs/trauma/surgery | Evening: Knee bends Single leg sustained squat | 30 reps (120° knee flexion) Sub-group: 1 rep (15° knee flexion) (150% BW) | 1.5 Sub-group: 3.5 | Thickness | 1.5T | 1 Sub-group: 3 | Patellar Sub-group: Tibial |
Souza et al. [71]c | 30 Healthy KL0: 10 OA-KL2/3: 20 | Healthy: WORMS = 0–53 (7) OA: WORMS > 0–57 (5) | Healthy: WORMS = 0–27.9 (2.6) OA: WORMS > 0–28.0 (2.0) | 100 | Women > 40 yrs, BMI 25–35 Healthy: KL0, no history knee pain/surgery/disease OA: KL2 or 3, history pain/stiffness most days past month, knee with most severe OA scanned | Simulated stand within scanner | 50% BW (20°knee flexion) | > 20 | T2 relaxation time, T1ρ relaxation time | 3.0T | 2 | Medial & lateral Tibiaofemoral |
Souza et al. [72] | 137 Healthy: 93 OA: 44 | Healthy: 50 (95% CI 48–51) OA: 57 (95% CI 54–60) | Healthy: 24.0 (95% CI 23.3–24.7) OA: 26.4 (95% CI 24.0–28.7) | Healthy: 58 OA: 61 | Adults > 35 yrs, no history knee fracture/surgery Healthy: KL ≤ 1, no history knee pain/stiffness/medication in past 1 year OA: KL > 1, history pain/stiffness/medication use most days of month in past year | Simulated stand within scanner | 50% BW (20° knee flexion) | 43 | T2 relaxation time, T1ρ relaxation time | 3.0T | 14 | Tibial Femoral |
Stehling et al. [74] | 30 Healthy KL0: 10 OA-KL2/3: 20 | Healthy WORMS = 0: 56 (NR) OA WORMS > 0: 56 (NR) | Healthy WORMS = 0: 28 (NR) OA WORMS > 0: 27 (NR) | 100 | Women > 40 yrs, BMI 25–35 Healthy: KL0, no history knee pain/surgery/disease OA: KL2 or 3, history pain/stiffness most days past month, knee with most severe OA scanned | Simulated stand within scanner | 50% BW (20° knee flexion) | 20 | Semi-quantitative (WORMS) | 3.0T | 6 | Patellar Tibial Femoral |
Subburaj et al. [73] | 30 Healthy KL0: 10 OA-KL2/3: 20 | Healthy WORMS = 0: 56 (NR) OA WORMS > 0: 57 (NR) | Healthy WORMS = 0: 28 (NR) OA WORMS > 0: 27 (NR) | 100 | Women 40–70 yrs, BMI 20–35 Healthy: KL0, no history knee pain/surgery/disease OA: KL2 or 3, history pain/stiff most days past month, knee with most severe OA scanned | Simulated standing within scanner | 50% BW (20° knee flexion) | 20 | Thickness | 3.0T | 4 | Tibial Femoral |
Sutter et al. [61]3 | 8 (16 knees) | 26 [24–30] | 22.8 [21.1–25.1] | 0 | Males with no history of injury or surgery to either knee | Hop | 60 reps (0.6 m horizontal distance) | NR | Thickness | 3.0T | 42 | Tibial Femoral |
Sutter et al. [60] | 8 (16 knees) Healthy knees: 8 ACLD knees: 8 | 31 [21–47] | 25.6 [21.7–34.7] | 0 | Males Healthy: intact contralateral knee, no history injury/surgery ACLD: ACL deficient knee | Hop | 60 reps (0.6 m horizontal distance) | NR | Thickness | 3.0T | 5 | Tibial Femoral |
Tamayo et al. [62]c | 15 Healthy BMI: 8 High BMI: 7 | Healthy BMI: 30 [22–45] High BMI: 32 [22–45] | Healthy BMI: 22.8 [18–55] High BMI: 32.8 [30–36] | Healthy MI: 38 High BMI: 57 | No history lower limb injury/surgery/OA symptoms | Walk | Fr = 0.25 (mean 5.47 km/hr) | 20 | Thickness T1ρ relaxation time | 3.0T | 1 | Patellofemoral |
Van Ginckel et al. [63] | 30 Healthy: 18 OA-KL1/2: 18 | Healthy: median 43 [IQR:5] OA-KL1/2: median 55 [IQR: 14] | Healthy: 24.0 (3.5) OA-KL1/2: 27.1 (3.7) | Healthy: 33 OA-KL1/2: 33 | Adults 40–60 yrs Healthy: no history knee pain/injury/surgery OA-KL1 or 2, WORMS ≥ 2, no history knee cartilage surgery or arthroplasty/hyaluronan injection in past 3 months/other joint pathology | Knee bends | 30 reps (90° knee flexion) | 1 | Volume | 3.0T | 4 | Tibial Femoral |
Verschueren et al. [31] | 10 | 24 (2) | 23.5 (2.9) | 50 | Healthy volunteers | Stationary cycle | Intermediate pace | 10 | T2 relaxation time | 3.0T | 3 | Tibial Femoral |
Wang et al. [64] | 4 | 35 (10) | NR | 75 | Healthy volunteers | Immediate (a) Simulated standing within scanner | 50% BW (0° knee flexion) | 10 | Thickness | 3.0T | 4 | Tibial Femoral |