From: Effect of Eccentric Exercise on Metabolic Health in Diabetes and Obesity
Subjects | Eccentric intervention | Additional group | Primary outcomes | Study | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, na | Severity of disease | Type | Duration | Intensity | Frequency of sessions, duration | |||
Postmenopausal female 16 (10) | Impaired glucose tolerance | Eccentric cycling | Progressive from 5’ to 20’ during the first 4 weeks, then 20–30’ | Progressive RPE from 7 to 13 during the first 3 weeks, then 13 | 3x/ week for 12 weeks | Non-exercised control | Diff. between pre- and postexercise values (% or mean) vs controls: leg lean soft tissue mass↑, quadriceps strength↑, 6-min walking distance↑, abdominal fat ↔ , fasting plasma glucose ↔ , insulin ↔ , insulin sensitivity ↔  | [53] |
Males females 10 (5) | Impaired glucose tolerance | Eccentric cycling | Progressive from 5’/day to 6 × 5’/day | RPE in the range of 12–14 | 4-5x/ week for 2 weeks | Concentric diabetic group | vs pre-exercise value: fasting plasma glucose↑, glucose tolerance ↔ , insulin ↔ , HOMA ↔  vs concentric diabetic: insulin↑ | [54] |
Males 16 (8) | Impaired fasting glucose and/or glucose tolerance | Downhill walking | Mean walking time was 68’/day | RPE mean was 8.8 | 3x/ week for 3 weeks | Uphill walking | vs pre-exercise value: BMI ↔ , lean body mass ↔ , fasting glucose ↔ , glucose tolerance ↔ , HOMA-IR ↔ , cholesterol ↔ , triacylglycerol ↔  | [55] |
Males 5 (5) | Impaired fasting glucose and/or glucose tolerance | Downhill walking at low-altitude | Mean walking time was 69’/day | RPE mean was 8.9 | 3x/ week for 3 weeks | Same persons 1 year later; downhill walking at moderate altitude | vs pre-exercise value: blood glucose level ↔ , BMI ↔ , max heart rate ↔ (in both groups); max power output↑ (at low-altitude), antioxidant capacity↑ (at moderate altitude) | [56] |
Male & female 15 (7) | Type II diabetes | Eccentric stepper + aerobic exercise | Progressive from 5’ to 20’ during the first 4 weeks, then 20–30’ | Progressive from RPE 7 to 13 during the first 3 weeks, then 13 | 3x/ week for 16 weeks | Aerobic exercise | Compared to pre-exercise value: HbA1c↓, thigh intramuscular fat↓, thigh lean tissue↑, BMI↓, 6-min walking distance↑ Compared to aerobic exercise alone group: thigh lean tissue↑, BMI↓ | [42] |
Male & female 7 (7) | Type II diabetes | Eccentric stepper | Progressive from 3’ to 15’ during the first 4 weeks, than 15–30’ | Progressive from RPE 7 to 13 during the first 4 weeks, than 13 | 3x (week1 2x)/ week for 16 weeks | No other group | Compared to pre-exercise value: insulin sensitivity↑, thigh muscle sizeb↑, muscle glucose uptakeb↑, GLUT4↑, fasting plasma glucose ↔ , insulin ↔  | [57] |
- 28 (14) | Type II diabetes | Running on treadmill with slope—4° | 20’ (+ additional 5–5’ warm-up and cool-down) | 70% to 75% of maximum heartbeat | 3x/ week for 8 weeks | Running on treadmill + 4° slope (concentric) | vs pre-exercise value: 6-min walk distance↑, blood glucose↓, HbA1c↓, lipidsc↓ vs concentric group: 6-min walk distance↑, blood glucose↓, HbA1c↓ | |
Postmenopausal females 15 (12) | Type II diabetes | Treadmill with slope—6° before or after meals | 40-min bout exercise | RPE mean was 10 before-meal and 11 after-meal groups | -, - | Sedentary; treadmill with slope + 6° before or after meals | After-meal exercise vs sedentary: postprandial insulin↓, HOMA-IR↓, osteogenic markers↑ Before-meal exercise vs sedentary: postprandial insulin ↔ , HOMA-IR ↔ , osteogenic markers ↔  | [60] |
Male and female 18 (9) | Type II diabetes | Cybex resistance machines; lower the weight and resist against muscle lengthening | 2–3 sets of 10 repetitions; each repetition was slow controlled pace of 5-s | Progressive load from 10 to 100% | 2x/ week for 12 weeks | Concentric-only; only raise or lift the weights | Compared to pre-exercise value: fasting plasma glucose ↔ , HbA1c ↔ , insulin ↔ , HOMA-2 IR ↔ , cholesterol ↔ , triacylglycerol ↔ , BMI ↔ , waist ↓, hip ↔ , waist-hip ↓, total body fat % ↓, total body lean mass ↑, 6-min walking distance↑, 5-rep chair rise time ↓, 3-m timed up-and-go time ↓ upper- and lower-body strength ↑ Compared to concentric-only group: no difference in above listed parameters | [61] |