Effects of Exercise Training on Muscle Quality in Older Individuals: A Systematic Scoping Review with Meta-Analyses

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 2 Overall and subgroup analyses for MMQ (upper panel) and NMQ (lower panel)

Variable	Effect size		95%CI			Heterogeneity		Frequencies
Variable	g	SE	LL	UL	p	I²	Tau²	N_i	k	N_s	N_p
MMQ	0.21	0.08	0.03	0.40	0.029	25	0.04	15	54	13	562
Population
LFOI	0.24	0.04	0.09	0.38	0.016	0	0.00	5	15	5	274
Intervention
RT	0.28	0.08	0.08	0.47	0.013	8	0.01	9	27	9	319
OEI	0.12	0.18	− 0.37	0.62	0.538	45	0.11	6	27	5	243
Intensity
Low	0.19	0.10	− 0.03	0.42	0.085	37	0.06	11	42	10	473
Dietary supplementation
Yes	0.26	0.06	0.02	0.49	0.041	0	0.00	4	8	4	259
No	0.19	0.12	− 0.08	0.46	0.148	36	0.09	12	46	10	345
Limb
Lower	0.16	0.08	− 0.03	0.35	0.088	0	0.00	14	48	12	502
Method
CT	0.34	0.08	0.12	0.55	0.011	31	0.06	7	41	5	281
US	0.22	0.06	0.05	0.38	0.021	0	0.00	6	10	6	213
Measure
EI	0.22	0.06	0.05	0.38	0.021	0	0.00	6	10	6	213
MD	0.49	0.15	0.12	0.86	0.019	29	0.05	8	28	6	303
Control group
Passive	0.19	0.11	− 0.06	0.43	0.119	34	0.07	12	45	10	402
NMQ	0.68	0.16	0.35	1.01	0.000	81	0.6	26	55	21	894
Population
HFOI	0.72	0.16	0.38	1.06	0.000	77	0.6	22	49	17	623
LFOI	0.51	0.52	− 1.15	2.16	0.400	91	0.7	4	6	4	271
Intervention
RT	0.91	0.23	0.42	1.41	0.001	86	0.9	17	41	15	566
OEI	0.21	0.17 − 0.23 0.65 0.285	6	0.0	9	14	6	328
Intensity
Low	0.65	0.17	0.30	0.99	0.001	81	0.6	23	51	18	798
Dietary supplementation
Yes	0.32	0.27	− 0.44	1.07	0.302	74	0.3	5	10	5	263
No	0.77	0.18	0.40	1.15	0.001	79	0.6	22	45	19	653
Limb
Upper	0.61	0.28	− 0.02	1.24	0.056	76	0.6	11	20	8	302
Lower	0.74	0.19	0.35	1.13	0.001	83	0.7	24	33	19	844
Muscle
Arm	0.61	0.28	− 0.02	1.24	0.056	76	0.6	11	20	8	302
Thigh	0.79	0.19	0.40	1.19	0.001	83	0.7	23	31	18	820
Method
DXA	1.12	0.22	0.65	1.59	0.000	78	0.7	16	34	13	443
US	− 0.25	0.15	− 0.79	0.29	0.213	20	0.0	4	5	4	153
Control group
Active	0.34	0.22	− 0.20	0.88	0.171	72	0.3	7	20	6	290
Passive	0.82	0.20	0.39	1.24	0.001	82	0.7	19	35	15	604

g, effect size; SE, standard error of the effect size; CI, LL, UL, 95% confidence interval lower and upper limit; p, probability; I², percent of heterogeneity; Tau², absolute value of true heterogeneity; N_i, number of intervention arms; k, number of outcomes; N_s, number of studies; N_p, number of participants; HFOI, higher-functioning older individuals; LFOI, lower-functioning older individuals; RT, resistance training; OEI, other exercise interventions; CT, computed tomography; US, ultrasound imaging; EI, echo intensity; MD, muscle density