Table 2 Summary of interventions included in study
Study | Exercise type | Exercise description | Exercise workload | Normoxia/hypoxia protocol | Measurement times | Hypoxia-exercise temporality | Type of hypoxia | Altitude (m) | Duration of hypoxia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benavente et al. [43] | Resistance | Flat barbell press, barbell military press, wide grip lateral pulldown, seated cable row, barbell back squat, and machine leg press, 3 sets of 10 repetition maximum | – | Performed exercise session under either normoxia (< 700 m), or 30-min after arrived to hypoxia (2320 m) | Pre, 15-min Post and 30-min Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia both before and during exercise | TH | 2320 | ND |
Blegen et al. [42] | Aerobic | EX1: 60-min at 60%VO2max EX2: 60-min at 40% VO2max | Relative | Participants rested for 30-min and performed exercise session under normoxia (20.93%), or rested for 15-min under normoxia (20.93%), then rested for 15-min under hypoxia (14.65%), and performed exercise session under hypoxia (14.65%) | Pre, 1 h Post, 2 h Post and 24 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia both before and during exercise | ND | ND | 75-min |
Britto et al. [38] | Resistance | 1-leg knee extension, 8 sets of 8 repetitions at 80% one repetition maximum | – | Performed exercise session under either normoxia, or hypoxia (14%) | Pre, immediately Post and 4 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | NH | ND | 30-min |
Caris et al. [44] | Aerobic | 60-min at 50% VO2max | Relative | Performed exercise session under either normoxia or hypoxia (13.5%) | Pre, immediately Post and 1 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | NH | 4200 | 60-min |
Chen et al. [37] | Resistance | squat, deadlift, and bench press, six sets with 10 reps at 75% of 1RM | – | Performed exercise session under either normoxia, or hypoxia | Pre, immediately Post and 24 h Post, 48 h post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | ND | 60-min | |
Goods et al. [45] | HIT | Three sets of 9 × 5-s at maximal sprints with 20-s rest between sprints with 3-min recovery at self-selected low-intensity | Absolute | Performed exercise session under either normoxia (20.9%), or hypoxia (14.5%) | Pre, immediately Post and 1 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | NH | 3000 | 16.5-min |
Goto et al. [40] | HIT/Aerobic | Ten sets of 3-min at 95% VO2max with 60-s recovery at 60% VO2max + 30-min at 85% VO2max | Relative | Performed exercise session under either normoxia (20.9%), or hypoxia (14.5%) | Pre, immediately Post, 1 h Post and 2 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | NH | 3000 | 79-min |
Goto et al. [46] | HIT | Three sets of 5 × 6-s at maximal sprints with 30-s rest between sprints and 10-min recovery between sets | Absolute | Participants rested for 10-min, warm-up for 10-min, and performed exercise session under either normoxia (20.9%), or hypoxia (14.5%) | Pre, immediately Post, 1 h Post and 3 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during and post-exercise | ND | 3000 | 225-min |
Govus et al. [54] | HIT | Five sets of 4-min intervals at 90% vVO2max with 90-s passive recovery | Relative | Performed exercise session under either normoxia (20.9%), or hypoxia (14.5%) | Pre and immediately Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | ND | 3000 | 26-min |
Hagobian et al. [47] | Aerobic | Until approximately 1500 kcal at 55% of VO2max | Absolute | Performed exercise session under either normoxia, or hypoxia | Pre, immediately Post, 2 h post, 4 h Post and 20 h Post | ND | TH | 4300 | ND |
Hill et al. [55] | Aerobic | 60-min at 65% VO2max | Relative | Performed exercise session under either normoxia (20.9%), or hypoxia (13.5%) | Pre, immediately Post, 1 h Post and 4 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | NH | 4000 | 60-min |
Lee et al. [48] | Aerobic | 90-min at 50% VO2max | Absolute | Participants rested for 30-min, and performed exercise session under either normoxia (21%), or hypoxia (14%) | Pre and immediately Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia both before and during exercise | NH | 3000 | 120-min |
Liara et al. [39] | Aerobic | 60-min at 50% VO2max | Absolute | Performed exercise session under either normoxia, or hypoxia (13.5%) | Pre and immediately Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | NH | 4500 | 60-min |
Lundby [56] | Aerobic | 60-min at 50% VO2max | Absolute | Performed exercise session under either normoxia, or hypoxia (12.4%) | Pre and immediately Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | ND | 4100 | 60-min |
Mazzeo et al. [49] | Aerobic | 50-min at 50% VO2max | Absolute | Performed exercise session under either normoxia, or hypoxia | Pre, 30-min during exercise and 40-min during exercise | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | TH | 4300 | 50-min |
Morrison et al. [58] | HIT | Four sets of 4 × 4-s at maximal sprints with 26-s rest between sprints and 146-s passive recovery between sets | Absolute | Performed exercise session under either normoxia (20.9%), or hypoxia (14.5%) | Pre, immediately Post and 3 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | NH | 3000 | ND |
Moura et al. [41] | Aerobic | 6 min walking tests | Absolute | Performed exercise session under either normoxia (20%), or hypoxia (14%) | Pre and immediately Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | ND | 3000 | 6-min |
Santos et al. [29] | Aerobic | 60-min at 70% ventilatory threshold | Relative | Performed exercise session under either normoxia, or hypoxia (12%) | Pre, immediately Post and 1 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | NH | 4200 | 60-min |
Santos et al. [50] | Aerobic | 60-min 50% VO2max | Absolute | Performed exercise session under either normoxia, or hypoxia (13.5%) | Pre, immediately Post and 1 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | ND | 4200 | 60-min |
Sevendsen et al. [51] | Aerobic | 75-min at 70% altitude specific VO2max | Relative | Participants warm-up for 10-min, and performed exercise session under either normoxia (20.9%), or hypoxia | Pre, immediately Post and 2 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia both during and after exercise | NH | 2000 | 205-min |
Wahl et al. [52] | Aerobic | 90-min at lactate of 2 mmol∙L-1 | Absolute | Performed exercise session under either normoxia (20.8%), or 2 hypoxia (15.9% and 13.2%) | Pre, immediately Post and 3 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | NH | 2000 And 4000 | |
Żebrowska et al. [53] | Aerobic | After warm-up increasing 30W every 3-min up to maximal exercise intensity | Absolute | Participants warm-up for 3-min and performed exercise session under either normoxia (20.9%), or hypoxia (15.2%) | Pre and immediately Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia both before and during exercise | NH | 2500 | ND |
Żebrowska et al. [57] | Aerobic | 40-min at 65% HRmax | Relative | Performed exercise session under either normoxia (20.9%), or hypoxia (15.1%) | Pre, immediately Post and 24 h Post | Hypoxia/Normoxia during exercise | NH | 2500 | 40-min |