Twin studies | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author (year) | Sample* | Age [mean (SD)] | Baseline physical activity status | Physical activity intervention | Diet intervention |
Poehlam A (1987) | 6 MZ male twin pairs | 19 (1.3) | Sedentary | F: 22 consecutive days I: 56% VO2 max T: 116 min per day T: Cycle ergometer | Energy balance deficit of ~4.2 MJ/day |
Koenigstorfer J (2011) | 6 MZ females twin pairs | 30 (8) | Sedentary | F: 3 times per week (aerobic) and 2 times per week (strength) for 8 weeks I: 68% (±8%) heart rate maximum (aerobic) and 70% of 12 repetition maximum (12RM) T: 45 min each T: Cycle ergometer and strength training (crunches, butterfly crunches, leg press, leg curl, and latissimus pull down) | Individual counseling for a low fat (25%), hypocaloric diet (5.0–5.8 MJ/day) in accordance with their usual eating patterns and preferences |
Hopkins ND (2012) | 6 MZ (1 male and 5 female) and 6 DZ (2 male and 4 female) twin pairs | MZ: 13.5 (0.8) DZ: 13.4 (0.8) | Light and moderate physical activity | F: 3 times per week for 8 weeks I: 65–85% heart rate maximum T: 45 min T: gym-based aerobic exercise | None |
Bouchard C (1994) | 7 MZ male twin pairsa | 21.0 (2.7) | Sedentary | F: Twice per day every 9 of 10 days for 93 days I: 50–55%VO2 max T: 60 min T: Cycle ergometer | Energy balance deficit of ~4.2 MJ/day |
Hainer V (2000) | 14 MZ female twin pairs | 39 (1.7) | Sedentary | F: Daily for 28 days I: 60%VO2 max T: 20 min T: cycle ergometer aerobic exercises Additional exercise: 4 km walk and 30 min of aerobic exercise | Hypocaloric diet of 1.6 MJ/day |
Hamel P (1986) | 6 MZ twin pairs (3 male and 3 female) | 21.2 (3.7) | Not reported | F: 3–5 times per week for 15 weeks I: 60–85% heart rate reserve T: 30–45 min T: Cycle ergometer | None |
Prud’Homme D (1984) | 10 MZ twin pairs (4 male and 6 female) | 20.0 (2.9) | None highly trained but some participated in recreational activities | F: 4–5 times per week for 20 weeks I: 60–85% heart rate reserve T: 40–45 min T: Cycle ergometer | None |
Afman G (1988) | 19 MZ (3 male and 16 female) and 9 DZ (3 male and 6 female) twin pairsb | MZ: 18.9 (1.4) DZ: 19.4 (1.8) | Not reported | F: 4 times per week for 11 weeks I: 70–85 heart rate maximum T: 15–45 min T: cycle ergometer and treadmill running | None |
Danis A (2003) | 9 MZ male twin pairs | 11–14** | Not participating in sporting activities | F: 3 times per week for 6 months I: 75–97% VO2 max T: 60–90 min T: treadmill running | None |